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Brain Lecture 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Medulla Oblongata | Portion of the hindbrain that begins at the foramen magnum and contains cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and XII |
| Pyramid | Portions of the medulla oblongata that contain descending fibers (corticospinal tracts) that carry motor signals to the skeletal muscles |
| Inferior olivary nucleus | Relay center for signals to the cerebellum |
| Reticular formation | A loose network of nuclei extending throughout the hindbrain and the midbrain that contains cardiovascular, vasomotor, and respiratory centers |
| Cardiac center | Center in the medulla that controls heart rate and the force of heartbeats |
| Vasomotor center | Center in the medulla that adjusts blood vessel diameter |
| Respiratory center | Center in the medulla that controls the rate and depth of breathing |
| Reflex center | Center in the medulla that controls involuntary movements, such as coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing, vomiting, salivation, sweating, and movements of the tongue and head |
| Pons | Anterior bulge in the brainstem, rostral to medulla; contains cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII |
| Midbrain | Short segment of the brainstem that connects the hindbrain to the forebrain; contains cranial nerves III and IV and the cerebral aqueduct |
| Tectum | Roof-like portion of the midbrain posterior to the cerebral aqueduct; contains the corpora quadrigemina |
| Corpora Quadrigemina | Contains two pairs of colliculi;: the superior and inferior colliculi |
| Superior Colliculi | Functions in visual attention, tracking moving objects, and some reflexes |
| Inferior Colliculi | Receives signals from the inner ear; reflexive turning of the head in response to sudden noise |
| Cerebral Peduncles | Anterior to the cerebral aqueduct; contains the tegmentum, the substantia nigra, and the cerebral crus |
| Tegmentum | Dominated by red nucleus and pink due to high density of blood vessels. Collaborates with cerebellum for fine motor control |
| Substantia Nigra | Dark gray to black nucleus pigmented with melanin; motor center that relays inhibitory signals to thalamus and basal nuclei to prevent unwanted movement. Can lead to Parkinson's disease if degraded |
| Cerebral Crus | Bundle of nerve fibers that connect the cerebrum to the pons; carries corticospinal tracts |
| Somatic motor control | Function of the reticular formation; adjusts muscle tension, and contains the gaze center and the central pattern generators |
| Gaze center | Allows eyes to track and fixate on objects |
| Central pattern generators | Neural pools that produce rhythmic signals to the muscles of breathing and swallowing |
| Sleep and Consciousness | Function of the reticular formation; plays central roles instates of consciousness and can lead to irreversible coma if injured |
| Habituation | Function of the reticular formation; process in which the brain learns to ignore repetitive, inconsequential stimuli while remaining sensitive to others (e.x.: in a locker room, the brain ignores the smell of sweat but is alert to one applying cologne) |
| Cardiovascular control | Function of the reticular formation; includes cardiac and vasomotor centers of the medulla |
| Pain modulation | Function of the reticular formation; serves as the origin of descending analgesic pathways and acts as a route by which pain signals from the lower body reach the cerebral cortex |
| Vermis | Portion of the cerebellum that connects the right and left cerebellar hemispheres |
| Folia | Gray matter with folds contained within the cerebellum |
| Arbor vitae | White matter found in the cerebellum that is in a branching pattern |
| Cerebellar peduncles | Three pairs of stalks that connect the cerebellum to the brainstem |
| Inferior peduncles | Bottommost of the cerebellar peduncles, connected to the medulla; most spinal input enters the cerebellum here |
| Middle peduncles | Middlemost of the cerebellar peduncles, connected to the pons; most input form the rest of the brain enters here |
| Superior peduncles | Topmost of the cerebellar peduncles, connected to the midbrain; carries cerebellar output |
| Telencephalon | Portion of the developing brain that becomes the cerebrum |
| Diencephalon | Most rostral part of the brainstem; encloses the third ventricle and consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and the epithalamus |
| Thalamus | Ovoid mass on each side of the brain that protrudes into the third ventricle; consists of 2 thalami joined by intermediate mass. Receives sensory information, provides feedback loops, relays signals, and involved in limbic system |
| Hypothalamus | Forms part of the walls and floor of the 3rd ventricle; serves as the major control center of the ANS and the endocrine system. Has autonomic effects, thermoregulates, controls thirst and hunger, circadian rhythm, memory, & emotion |
| Mammary body | Contains three or four mammillary nuclei that relays signals from the limbic system to the thalamus |
| Infundibulum | Stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus |
| Epithalamus | Very small mass of tissue composed of the pineal gland and the habenula |
| Pineal gland | Endocrine gland that secretes melatonin from serotonin, controlling emotion and circadian rhythm |
| Habenula | Relay from the limbic system to the midbrain |
| Frontal lobe | Forwardmost lobe of the brain; controls for voluntary motor functions, decisions, planning, social judgement, motivation, declarative memory, mood, emotional control, and speech production |
| Phineas Gage | A railroad construction worker who suffered severe injury to ventromedial region and both of frontal lobes; had an extreme personality change as a result |
| Parietal lobe | Lobes on the sides of the brain that receives and integrates general sensory information, processes language, and is responsible for spatial perception, orientation, and taste |
| Occipital Lobe | Lobe on the back of the head that is the primary visual center of the brain |
| Temporal lobe | Lobes on the sides of the brain responsible for hearing, smell, learning, and memory |
| Insula-internal lobe | Understanding spoken and written language, taste and sensory info from visceral receptors |
Created by:
Rylyn27463
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