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Brain Lecture 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Rostral | To the nose/to the forehead |
| Caudal | To the tail/to the spinal cord |
| Cortex | Surface layer of gray matter; includes the neurosoma, dendrites, and synapses |
| Nuclei | Deeper masses of gray matter surrounded by white matter |
| Tracts | Bundle of axons found in white matter |
| Cerebrum | 83% of brain volume; contains the cerebral hemispheres, gyri, sulci, longitudinal fissure, and the corpus callosum |
| Cerebellum | "Little brain"; occupies posterior cranial fossa and contains 50% of neurons |
| Brainstem | The smallest portion of the brain; contains the medulla oblongata, the pons, the midbrain, and the diencephalon. |
| Longitudinal Fissure | Deep groove that separates the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres |
| Gyri | The thick folds of the cerebrum |
| Sulci | The shallow grooves of the cerebrum |
| Corpus callosum | Thick nerve bundle at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure that connects the hemispheres |
| Central sulcus | Separates the frontal and parietal lobes |
| Dura mater | The outermost of the meninges; tough layer that is composed of the periosteal and meningeal layers. Not attached to the bone (except for foramen magnum, sella turcica, crista galli, & sutures), and no space above it |
| Periosteal layer | Layer of the dura mater; equivalent to periosteum of cranial bones |
| Meningeal layer | Layer of the dura mater; only this layer continues into the vertebral canal and forms the dural sac around the spinal cord |
| Falx cerebri | Separates the two cerebral hemispheres |
| Falx cerebelli | Separates the right and left halves of the cerebellum |
| Tentorium cerebelli | Separates the cerebrum and the cerebellum |
| Arachnoid mater | Transparent middlemost meninge that has villi that absorbs CSF into the blood) |
| Pia mater | Deepest of the meninges; very thin membrane that follows the contours of the brain |
| Meningitis | Inflammation of the meninges in infancy and childhood; caused by bacteria or viruses. Often affects pia and arachnoid maters, and can be diagnosed with a lumbar puncture |
| Lumbar puncture | Spinal tap; procedure where CSF is drawn from the subarachnoid space between two lumbar vertebrae to check for bacterial presence |
| Ventricles | Four internal chambers of the brain that contain CSF |
| Lateral ventricles | Pair of ventricles, one per cerebral hemisphere; connected by the interventricular foramen |
| Interventricular foramen | Small pore that connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle |
| Third ventricle | Single narrow medial space between the corpus callosum; connected to the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct |
| Cerebral aqueduct | Channel that runs through the midbrain and connects the third and fourth ventricles together |
| Fourth ventricle | Small triangular chamber between the pons and cerebellum; connects to the central canal and lined with ependymal cells and the choroid plexus |
| Cerebrospinal fluid | Clear colorless liquid that fills the ventricles and canals of the CNS; contains more sodium and chloride and less potassium, calcium, glucose, and protein compared to blood plasma |
| Arachnoid villi | Protrusions of the arachnoid mater that allows CSF back into blood circulation |
| Buoyancy | One of the functions of the CSF; allows brain to attain considerable size without collapsing onto itself |
| Protection | One of the functions of the CSF; protects the brain from striking the cranium when the head is jolted, although injury can still occur with a severe jolt |
| Chemical stability | One of the functions of the CSF; flow rinses away metabolic wastes from the nervous tissue and regulates chemical environment |
| CSF Circulation step 1 | CSF is secreted by the choroid plexus in each lateral ventricle |
| CSF Circulation step 2 | CSF flows through interventricular foramina into the third ventricle |
| CSF Circulation step 3 | Choroid plexus in third ventricle adds more CSF |
| CSF Circulation step 4 | CSF flows down cerebral aqueduct into fourth ventricle |
| CSF Circulation step 5 | Choroid plexus in fourth ventricle adds more CSF |
| CSF Circulation step 6 | CSF flows out two lateral apertures and one median aperture |
| CSF Circulation step 7 | CSF fills subarachnoid space and bathes external surfaces of brain and spinal cord |
| CSF Circulation step 8 | CSF is reabsorbed into the venous blood of dural venous sinuses at arachnoid granulation |
| Hydrocephalus | Abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brain, as the result of a blockage in its route of flow. Occurs mostly at interventricular foramen, cerebral aqueduct, and aperture of fourth ventricle |
| Brain barrier system | System that strictly regulates what substances can get from the bloodstream into the tissue fluid of the brain |
| Blood-brain barrier | Tight junctions between endothelial cells managed by astrocytes that protects blood capillaries throughout brain tissue |
| Blood-CSF barrier | Tight junctions between ependymal cells that protects the brain at the choroid plexus |
| Circumventricular organs | Places in the third and fourth ventricles where a barrier system is absent, allowing blood to have direct access to the brain |
Created by:
Rylyn27463
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