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perfusion
final patho
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| arteriosclerosis | thickening and hardening of the walls in arteries |
| Congestive heart failure | Left sided heart failure |
| Left sided heart failure occurs when.. | Left ventricle fails causing CO to fall. The blood back up into the Left atrium and lungs causing pulmonary congestion |
| Causes of Left sided heart failure | Coronary artery disease, MI, PE, Anemia, Kidney failure Hyper/Hypo thyroidism, |
| S/s of left sided heart failure | Crackles, cough, Bloody sputum, S3, S4, Orthopnea, cool pale skin |
| Right sided heart failure | Cor pulmonale |
| Right sided heart failure occurs when.. | Right ventricle doesn't contract effectively; blood backs up into right atrium and peripheral circulation which causes edema and enlargement of kidneys/other organs |
| causes of right sided heart failure | left sided heart faoilure, HTN, COPD, PE |
| s/s of right sided failure | hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, edema, anorexia, JVD |
| hepatomegaly | enlarged liver |
| splenomegaly | enlarged spleen |
| Cardiac output | amount of blood ejected from the L ventricle over 1 min |
| Normal cardiac output | 4-8 liters/min |
| How to calculate stroke volume | Heart rate x Stroke volume= cardiac output |
| Stroke volume: preload | Amount of blood returning to R side of heart. Getting blood IN |
| Ways to increase preload | elevate legs, place in Trendelenburg position |
| Ways to decrease preload | sit client up with legs down |
| Afterload | pressure in aorta and peripheral arteries that left ventricle has to work against to get blood out ; getting blood out |
| Pressure is referred to as resistance | how much resistance the vent has to overcome to pump blood out |
| increase afterload | make BP go up |
| decrease afterload | give antihypertension |
| Contractility | hearts ability to squeeze volume out of the vent |
| Coronary artery disease | due to atherosclerosis, thrombus detaches and blocks another artery further down |
| Risk factor of CAD | Male, HTN, smoking, DM, |
| s/s of CAD | MI, Angina, HTN, SOB, decreased peripheral pulse, cool extremities |
| Circulatory shock | Occurs when vascular space becomes too empty, too large (vasodilated) for volume |
| Cardiogenic shock | heart ceases to effectively pump blood forward; sudden acute pump failure following MI |
| Hypovolemic shock (circulatory) | hemorrhagic/loss of blood from vascular space, intravascular dehydration from loos of fluid, intravascular loss due to loss of fluid, intravascular loss due to massive fluid change |
| Obstructive shock (circulatory) | blood cannot be ejected from left ventricle into circulation die to heart beings displaced. (cardiac tamponade); squeezing of heart |
| Distributive shock (circulatory) | loss of vasomotor tone due to interference with sympathetic nervous system (histamine release, spinal injury); septic shock, anaphylactic |
| Example of hemorrhagic | aortic aneurysm |
| Example of Intravascular dehydration | diarrhea, Addison's |
| Example of intravascular volume loss | burns |
| Initial shock s/s | weakness, tachycardia, tachypnea, diaphoresis, anxiety, polydipsia, confusion, unconsciousness, imbalance |
| Advanced shock s/s | weak/thready pulse, cool/pale/clammy skin, oliguria, hemoconcentration, hypotension |
| Late shock s/s | Decreased LOC, shallow respiration/none, olguria, anuria, cardiac failure |
| septic shock | caused by widespread infection |
| S/s of septic shock | altered temp, warm, flushed, hypotension, confusion, hyper/hypoventilation |
| Anaphalactic shick | occurs in someone who is hypersensitive to an allergen |
| s/s of anaphylactic shock | nasal congestion, flushed, nervousness, anxiety, doom feeling, red wheals that itch, tachypnea, edema, hypotension |
| Corticosteriods | reduces inflammation |
| Diphenhydramine IV | Benadryl; reduces allergic reactions |
| Vasopressors | dopamine; support BP |
| aminophylline | dilate bronchi |
| Neurogenic shock | Sympathetic nervous system stops sending signals to the vessel walls, casing vessels to vasodilate and BP drop |
| s/s Example of neurological shock when edema leaves | No sweating below injury, bradycardia, fainting, Flaccid paralysis |
| cardiogenic shock | inability of heart to maintain CO to meet body needs |
| causes of cardiogenic shock | Systolic/diastolic problems, arrythmias, Cardiac tamponade |
| s/s of cardiogenic shock | Anxiety, delirium, pulmonary congestion, decreased BP, increased preload, |
Created by:
Anna91715
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