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Clotting
final patho
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Platelets are also known as | thrombocytes |
| normal platelet range | 150,000-400,00 cells/uL |
| Thrombocytopenia | low number of platelets, fewer than 100,000/uL |
| What are you at risk for with Thrombocytopenia? | Bleeding |
| Thrombocytosis | excessive number of platelets, greater than 750,000/uL |
| What are you at risk for with Thrombocytosis? | Excessive clotting |
| Platelet formation is secreted by what horomone? | thrombopoietin |
| thrombopoietin is synthesized by what organ? | liver |
| 1/3 of platelets reside where? | spleen |
| Hemostasis | protective mechanism where the formation of a thrombus prevents excessive blood loss |
| Vasoconstriction | vascular phase; holds onto blood |
| Development of platelet plug | aggregation; platelets come to injury sight |
| Blood coagulation | coagulation phase; final fibrin clot through this |
| Intrinsic pathway (Coagulation pathway) | stimulated by turbulent blood flow (a fib) |
| Extrinsic pathway (Coagulation pathway) | stimulated by external injury (laceration) |
| Final pathway | prothrombin-> thrombin-> fibrinogen-> fibrin clot |
| hemostasis primary disorder | abnormality in the number of function of platelets (von Willebrand factor deficiency) |
| hemostasis secondary disorder | lack of reduction in factors tied to coagulation (hemophilia, liver disease) |
| Clotting time of extrinsic pathway measure by what? | Prothrombin time (PT) |
| Clotting time of intrinsic pathway measure by what? | Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) |
| PT normal range | 10-14 seconds |
| PTT normal range | 25-40 seconds |
| 3 substances that i=decrease clot formation and dissolve clots | Plasmin, Plasminogen, Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA); strokes |
| plasmin activtor | used to break up clots |
| D-dimers | measured in blood |
| Arterial thrombi | white thrombi, rich in platelets but scarce in RBC |
| Venous thrombi | red thrombi, large numbering RBC but small number of platelets |
| What increases risk of clots? | Arteriosclerosis, estrogen, cancer, pregnancy, postpartum period, venous stasis, carotid stenosis (strokes), heart failure, atrial fibrillation |
| Atrial fibrillation | embolus blocks blood flow to brain |
| Peripheral vascular disease | disease of arteries o the peripheral where inflammatory mediators lead to plaque formation in the atrial intima |
| Arterial thrombosis | plaque rupture leads go platelet aggregation forming clots |
| Dislodgement of a thrombus can cause what? | MI, ischemia, embolic stroke |
| S/s of arterial thrombi | coldness, lack of movement, lack of pulse, tingling/numbness, muscle pain and spasms, pale, weakness feeling |
| Risk factors of arterial thrombi | smoking, high BP, surgery, heart disease, tachycardia |
| venous thromboembolism | blood clots form in large veins of legs; results from Virchow's triad |
| s/s of Virchow's triad | calf pain, thrombophlebitis, reddish purple skin, pulmonary embolism |
| pulmonary embolism | sudden onset paining chest, dyspnea, anxiety, coughing, bloody sputum, irregular heartbeat |
| Formation of pulmonary embolism | Deep venous thrombosis from femoral vein-> flows up into inferior vena cava-> right atrium-> right ventricle-> pulmonary artery-> pulmonary arterioles |
| What causes bleeding? | Thrombocytopenia, aspirin, hemophilia, cirrhosis, vitamin K deficiency, warfarin, Leukemia, lymphoma, |
| Evidence of bleeding problem | petechiae, pinpoint red-purple areas resembling a rash, purpura, ecchymosis, spontaneous bleeding (nose bleed) |
| Purpura: | larger purple areas of bleeding |
| Ecchymosis | bruise |
| International normalized ratio | lab that monitors bleeding and clots |
| INR normal value | 1.0 |
| Hemophilia A | deficiency of factor VIII |
| Hemophilia B | deficiency of factor IX |
| Hemophilia A and B | X-linked recessive disorder primarily affecting males |
| s/s of hemophilia | bleeding in joints/muscles, sever pain, swelling, muscle atrophy, ischemia, gangrene, restlessness, anxiety, parlor, cool clammy skin, decreased urine output, hypotension, tachycardia |
| Petechia | 1ST SIGN OF THROMBOCYTOPENIA |
Created by:
Anna91715
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