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Chapter 14
The Presidency
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Divided Government | One party controls the White House and another party controls one or both houses of Congress. |
| Unified Government | The same party controls the White House and both houses of Congress. |
| Gridlock | The inability of the government to act because rival parties control different parts of the government. |
| Electoral College | The people chosen to cast each state's votes in a presidential election. Each state can cast one electoral vote for each senator and representative it has. |
| Bully Pulpit | The president's use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American public. |
| Veto Message | A message from the president to Congress stating that he will not sign a bill it has passed. Must be produced within 10 days of the bill's passage. |
| Pocket Veto | A bill fails to become a law because the president did not sign it within 10 days before Congress adjourns. |
| Line-Item Veto | An executive's ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by the legislature. |
| Executive Privilege | The privilege, claimed by the president for the executive branch of the US government, of withholding information in the public interest. |
| Impoundment of Funds | An act by a President of the United States of not spending money that has been appropriated by the U.S. Congress. |
| Signing Statement | A presidential document that reveals what the president thinks of a new law and how it ought to be enforced. |
| Pyramid Structure | A president's subordinates report to him through a clear chain of command headed by a chief of staff. |
| Circular Structure | Several of the president's assistants report directly to him. |
| Ad Hoc Structure | Several subordinates, cabinet officers, and committees report directly to the president on different matters. |
| Cabinet | The heads of the 15 executive branch departments of the federal government. |
| Executive Agencies | Part of government department which carries out executive functions. |
| Independent Agencies | Under presidential control and carries out executive functions. |
| Impeachment | Charges against a president approved by a majority of the House of Representatives. |
| Executive Agreements | An international agreement, usually regarding routine administrative matters not warranting a formal treaty, made by the executive branch of the US government without ratification by the Senate. |
| Executive Orders | State mandatory requirements for the Executive Branch, and have the effect of law. They are issued in relation to a law passed by Congress or based on powers granted to the President in the Constitution and must be consistent with those authorities. |