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Ch 27
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nutrition | study of how living organisms obtain and utilize nutrients needed to grow and sustain life |
| Macronutrients | Must be consumed in relatively large quantities |
| Micronutrients | Must be consumed in relatively small quantities |
| Essential | Must be obtained and absorbed via digestive system from diet |
| Nonessential | Provided by biochemical processes of body |
| Recommended daily allowance (RDA) | Amount of each nutrient that must be obtained each day |
| calorie | amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C |
| Body weight | maintained when calories consumed and calories expended are in balance |
| Carbohydrates | Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides |
| Starch | Polymer of glucose molecules found in certain foods |
| Fiber | Includes fibrous molecules of both plants and animals |
| Lipids | Triglyceride, phospholipids, steroid, eicosanoids |
| Triglycerides | composed of glycerol and fatty acids |
| Saturated fatty acids | No double bond |
| Unsaturated fatty acids | One double bond |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids | Two or more double bonds |
| Cholesterol | Required as component of plasma membrane |
| Proteins | most structurally and functionally diverse molecules |
| Complete proteins | Contain all essential amino acids |
| Incomplete proteins | Do not contain all essential amino acids |
| Vegetarian | Does not eat meat, poultry, fish |
| Lacto-ovo vegetarians | Do not eat animal flesh, but eat milk, eggs, and cheese |
| Vegans | Do not eat any animal products |
| Nitrogen balance | Proteins are a source of nitrogen |
| Positive nitrogen balance | absorbing more nitrogen than excreted |
| Negative nitrogen balance | more nitrogen excreted than absorbed |
| Vitamins | Organic molecules required for normal metabolism |
| Water-soluble vitamins | Dissolve in water |
| Fat-soluble vitamins | Dissolve in fat |
| Minerals | Inorganic ions obtained from diet |
| Iron | In hemoglobin, binds oxygen |
| Calcium | Required for formation and maintenance of skeleton and muscle contraction, blood clotting, and exocytosis of neurotransmitters |
| Sodium and potassium | Maintain resting membrane potential in excitable cells |
| Iodine | Needed to produce thyroid hormone |
| Zinc | Roles in protein synthesis and wound healing |
| Insulin | Major regulatory hormone released during absorptive state |
| Fasting state | Time between meals |
| Glucagon | Major regulatory hormone during fasting state |
| Liver | largest internal organ |
| Cholesterol synthesis | Fatty acids transported in blood to enter hepatocytes |
| Lipoproteins | Lipids with protein “wrap” to facilitate transport |
| Statin drugs | Developed to lower blood cholesterol |
| Glycolysis | Anaerobic metabolic pathway in cytoplasm |
| Intermediate stage | aerobic and within the mitochondria |
| Citric acid cycle | Acetyl CoA forms citric acid |
| Electron transport system | Transfer of hydrogen and electron from NADH and FADH2 |
Created by:
amelia_leigh
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