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Ch 26
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Digestive system categories | GI Tract & Accessory |
| What are the organs of the GI tract lined with | form a continuous tube lined with a mucous membrane |
| Organs of the GI tract | oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus |
| lumen | food is broken down into smaller components to be absorbed |
| what do the accessory organs do | assist in breakdown of food, produce secretions |
| organs of the accessory tract | salivary gland, liver, pancreas, teeth, tongue, gallbladder, |
| six main functions of the digestive system | ingestion, motility, secretion, digestion, absorption, elimination |
| GI tract | hollow tube of 4 concentric layers (tunics) |
| Innermost to outermost tunics | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia (serosa) |
| mucosa | inner-lining mucous membrane, simple columnar epithelium |
| submucosa | areolar and dense irregular connective tissue, blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, peyer patches |
| serosa | outermost tunic found inside visceral peritoneum |
| enteric nervous system | Sensory and motor neurons within submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus |
| Parasympathetic | promotes GI tract activity |
| Sympathetic | opposes/stops GI tract activity |
| Intraperitoneal organs | Organs completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum |
| Retroperitoneal organs | Lie directly against posterior abdominal wall |
| Oral cavity | Mouth, entrance to GI tract |
| Vestibule | Space between gum, lips, cheeks |
| Oral cavity proper | Leads into oropharynx |
| Cheeks | contains buccinator muscles |
| Lips | orbicularis oris muscle |
| Palate | the roof of the oral cavity |
| Hard palate | Anterior 2/3 of palate |
| Uvula | projection from posterior soft palate |
| Tongue | Primarily skeletal muscle |
| Histology of oral cavity | Stratified squamous epithelium |
| Salivary glands | Produce saliva |
| Intrinsic salivary glands | Continuously release secretions independent of food |
| Extrinsic salivary glands | Produce majority of our saliva |
| Parotid salivary glands | largest salivary glands, anterior and inferior to ear |
| Submandibular salivary glands | Inferior to oral cavity floor, produces 60 to 70% of saliva |
| Sublingual salivary gland | Inferior to tongue, extends tiny duct opening into inferior surface of cavity |
| Two types of secretory cells in salivary glands | mucous cells and serous cells |
| Functions of saliva | Moistens ingested food to help become bolus, salivary amylase initiates chemical breakdown of starch, antibacterial substances inhibit bacterial growth (lysozyme, IgA antibodies) |
| Mechanical digestion | mastication |
| Mastication | chewing |
| Teeth | dentition |
| Dentin | primary mass of tooth, harder than bone |
| Enamel | external surface of dentin, forms crown |
| Pulp cavity | center of tooth filled with CD and pulp |
| Root canal | continuous with pulp cavity, opens to tissue around root |
| Cementum | Hardened material ensheathing root |
| Dental caries | damage to dentin, enamel, or cementum |
| 20 Deciduous teeth | Erupt between 6 and 30 months |
| 32 Permanent teeth | replacing deciduous teeth |
| Incisors | most anteriorly placed teeth |
| Canines | posterolateral to incisors |
| Premolars | posterolateral to canines |
| Molars | most posteriorly placed teeth |
| Gross anatomy of the pharynx | Funnel-shaped muscular passageway |
| Gross anatomy of the esophagus | Esophagus: normally collapsed, tubular passageway |
| Superior esophageal sphincter | Contracted ring of circular skeletal muscle at superior end |
| Inferior esophageal sphincter | Contracted ring of circular skeletal muscle at inferior end |
| Histology of the esophagus | Esophagus lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
| Motility | the swallowing process |
| Swallowing | Moving ingested materials from oral cavity to stomach; 3 phases |
| Voluntary phase | occurring after ingestion |
| Pharyngeal phase | Involuntary reflex |
| Esophageal phase | Involuntary phase when bolus passes through esophagus |
| Stomach | Located in superior left abdominal quadrant, inferior to diaphragm |
| Greater curvature | Larger convex inferolateral surface |
| Lesser curvature | Smaller concave superomedial surface |
| Cardia | Superior entryway into stomach lumen from esophagus |
| Fundus | Dome-shaped region |
| Body | Largest region of stomach |
| Pylorus | Opening into duodenum of small intestine |
| Pyloric sphincter | regulates entry of material into duodenum |
| Gastric folds | Rugae, found on internal stomach lining when stomach empty |
| Histology of the stomach | Lined by simple columnar epithelium |
| gastric pits | Lining indented by depressions |
| Gastric glands | Extend deep into mucosa from base of each gastric pit |
| Gastric secretions | Produced by 5 types of secretory cells |
| Surface mucous cells | Line stomach lumen and extend into gastric pits |
| Mucous neck cells | immediately deep to base of gastric pit |
| Parietal cells | Required for absorption of vitamin B12 |
| Chief cells | Secretes pepsinogen |
| G-cells | Secrete gastrin hormone |
| Gastric emptying | Movement of acidic chyme from stomach into duodenum |
| Lower GI tract organs | Small intestine, accessory digestive organs, large intestine, |
| Small intestine | Small bowel, long tube inferior to stomach and located medially in abdominal cavity |
| Gross anatomy of the small intestine | Extends from pylorus to cecum of large intestine |
| Duodenum | First segment of small intestine |
| Jejunum | Middle region of small intestine |
| Ileum | Last region of small intestine |
| Biliary apparatus | Network of ducts that drain the liver |
| Accessory pancreatic duct | Small amount of pancreatic juice entering duodenum |
| Hepatopancreatic ampulla | Swelling on posterior duodenal wall |
| Major duodenal papilla | Projection within duodenum where duct penetrates wall |
| Hepatopancreatic sphincter | Regulates movement of bile and pancreatic juice into duodenum |
| Liver | Accessory digestive organ and largest internal organ |
| Gallbladder | Saclike organ attached to inferior surface of liver |
| Pancreas | Produces pancreatic juice to assist with digestive activities |
| Large intestine | Relatively wide tube, shorter than small intestine |
| Cecum | first portion of large intestine |
| Vermiform appendix | Intraperitoneal thin sac projecting inferiorly from posteromedial cecum |
| Colon | second portion of large intestine |
| Ascending colon | Originates at ileocecal valve |
| Transverse colon | Originates at right colic flexure |
| Descending colon | Retroperitoneal, along left side of abdominal cavity |
| Sigmoid colon | Originates at sigmoid flexure |
| Rectum | Third major region of large intestine |
| Anal canal | Last few centimeters of large intestine |
| Internal anal sphincter | Involuntary smooth muscle at base of anal canal |
| External anal sphincter | Voluntary skeletal muscle |
| Teniae coli | Thin, longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle |
| Omental appendices | Lobules of fat hanging off external surface of haustra |
| Histology of the large intestine | Mucosa lined by simple columnar epithelium |
| polyps | Malignant growth anywhere along large intestine, rectum |
| Haustral churning | Relaxed haustrum filling with material |
| Mass movements | Powerful contractions involve teniae coli |
| Gastrocolic reflex | Initiated by stomach distension |
| Defecation reflex | Filling of rectum initiates urge to defecate |
| Voluntary defecation | Involves relaxation of external (voluntary) anal sphincter |
Created by:
amelia_leigh
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