Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Anatomy S1
Comprehensive Study Guide for Semester 1 of Anatomy & Physiology 1H
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| A- | Not |
| Ab- | Away |
| Ad- | Toward |
| Adip- | Fat |
| Anti- | Against |
| Arthr- | Joint |
| Auto- | Self |
| Axill- | Armpit |
| Bi- | Two |
| Cardi- | Heart |
| Cepha- | Head |
| Cerebr- | Brain |
| Chond- | Cartilage |
| -Cide | Kill |
| Circum- | Around a circle |
| -Cyte | Cell |
| Derm- | Skin |
| Digit- | Finger |
| Dys- | Difficulty |
| Ecto- or Exo- | Outside |
| -Ectomy | Removal |
| Endo- | Inside |
| Entero- | Intestines |
| Erythr- | Red |
| Foramen | Hole |
| Gastro- | Stomach |
| Gen- | Produce |
| Gloss- | Tongue |
| -Graph | Recording |
| Hema- | Blood |
| Hepa- | Liver |
| Hyper- | Extreme |
| Hypo- | Low |
| Infra- | Below |
| Inter- | Between |
| -Itis | Swelling of |
| Labi- | Lip |
| Lacrim- | Tear |
| Lact- | Milk |
| Leuk- or Alb- | White |
| Macro- | Large |
| Megalo- | Enlargement |
| Melano- | Black |
| Meta- | Beyond |
| Micro- | Small |
| Myo- | Muscle |
| Nas- | Nose |
| Necr- | Death |
| Neur- | Nerve |
| Ocul- | Eye |
| -Ology | The study of |
| -Oma | Tumor |
| Oo- or Ovi- | Egg |
| -Opsy | Examination of |
| Or(o)- | Mouth |
| -Osis | Disease |
| Oste- or Os- | Bone |
| Papill- | Nipple |
| -Paresis | Slight Paralysis |
| Path- | Disease |
| Pector- | Chest |
| Peri- | Around |
| -Phage- | Eat |
| -Phile | Lover |
| -Pod- or -Ped- | Foot |
| -Poiesis | Production of |
| Post- | After |
| Pre- | Before |
| Psych- | Mind |
| Ptery- | Wing |
| Pulmon- or Pneumo- | Lung |
| Pyr- | Fire |
| Quad- | Four |
| Re- | Backwards |
| Rect- | Straight |
| Ren- | Kidney |
| -Scler | Hardening |
| Scoli- | Twisting |
| -Scopy | Using a camera to view |
| Sept- | Wall |
| Semi- | Partially |
| -Stalsis | Contraction |
| -Stomy | Medically created hole |
| Strat- | Layers |
| Sub- | Below |
| Super- or Supra- | Above |
| Therm- | Heat |
| Thromb- | Clot |
| Trans- | Across |
| Tri- | Three |
| Trich- | Hair |
| -Trophy | Nourish |
| Vas- | Tubes |
| Anatomy | The branch of science dealing with the form and structure of body parts |
| Physiology | The branch of science concerned with the study of body functions |
| Atom | Smallest Particle of an element that has the properties of that element |
| Molecule | Particle composed of two or more atoms bonded together |
| Cell | The structured and functional unit of an organism |
| Organelle | A structure in a cell that has a specialized function |
| Tissue | Assembled group of similar cells that performs a specialized function |
| Organ | Structure consisting of two or more tissues that performs a specialized function |
| Organ System | Group of organs coordinated to carry out a specialized function |
| Organism | An individual living thing |
| Metabolism | In cells, the combined chemical reactions of anabolism and catabolism that use or release energy |
| Homeostasis | Dynamic state in which the body's internal environment is maintained in the normal range |
| Negative Feedback | A mechanism that returns the level of a chemical or other substance or condition in the internal environment to its set point level |
| Positive Feedback System | A process that moves conditions away from a normal state |
| Axial | Pertaining to the head, neck, and trunk |
| Appendicular | Pertaining to the upper or lower limbs |
| Cranial Cavity | Space in the skull containing the brain |
| Vertebral Cavity | Canal formed by hollow areas in the vertebrae that contains the spinal cord |
| Thoracic Cavity | Hollow space inside the chest containing the thoracic organs |
| Abdominopelvic Cavity | Space between the diaphragm and the pelvic outlet that contains the abdominal and pelvic organs |
| Abdominal Cavity | Space between the diaphragm and the pelvic cavity that contains the abdominal viscera |
| Pelvic Cavity | Space within the ring formed by the sacrum and hip bones that encloses the terminal part of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs |
| Pericardial Cavity | Potential space between the visceral and parietal pericardial membranes |
| Peritoneal Cavity | Potential space between the visceral and parietal peritoneal membranes |
| Viscera | Organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
| Parietal | Pertaining to the wall of a cavity |
| Pleural Membrane | Serous membrane that encloses the lungs and lines the chest wall |
| Epithelial | One of the basic types of tissues; it covers all free body surfaces. Varieties are classified by cell shape and number of layers |
| Basement Membrane | Layer of nonliving material that anchors epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue |
| Microvillus | A microscopic projection of a tissue, cell, or cell organelle |
| Exocrine Glands | Gland that secretes its product into a duct or onto an outside body surface |
| Endocrine Glands | Gland that secretes hormones into the bloodstream; hormone secreting gland |
| Merocrine Glands | A structure whose cells remain intact while secreting; a type of sweat gland |
| Apocrine Glands | Type of gland whose secretions contain parts of secretory cells |
| Holocrine Glands | Gland whose secretion contains entire secretory cells |
| Connective Tissue | Basic tissue type that consists of cells within an extracellular matrix, including bone, cartilage, blood and loose & dense connective tissue |
| Extracellular Matrix | A large network of proteins and other molecules that give structure to cells and tissues in the body |
| Fibroblasts | Cell that produces fibers in connective tissues |
| Macrophages | Large phagocytic cells |
| Mast Cells | Cell to which antibodies formed in response to allergens attach, causing the cell to release allergy mediators |
| Collagen Fibers | White fiber consisting of the protein collagen common in connective tissues, including bone matrix |
| Elastic Fibers | Stretchy, yellow connective tissue fiber consisting of the protein elastin |
| Reticular Fibers | Thin protein fiber |
| Cartilage | Type of connective tissue in which cells are in lacune separated by a semisolid extracellular matrix |
| Chondrocytes | A cartilage cell |
| Bone | Any of the 206 individual parts of the skeleton composed of cells and a matrix containing inorganic mineral salts and organic protein fibers |
| Osteocytes | Mature bone cells |
| Osteon | Cylinder-shaped unit containing bone cells and matrix lamellae that surround a central canal Haversian system |
| Epithelial Membrane | Thin, sheetlike structures composed of epithelium and underlying connective tissue |
| Serous Membrane | Type of membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to to the outside of the body |
| Mucous Membrane | Type of membrane that lines tubes and body cavities that open to the outside of the body |
| Cutaneous Membrane | Pertaining to the skin |
| Synovial Membrane | Membrane that forms the inner lining of the capsule of a freely moveable joint |
| Muscle Tissue | Contractile tissue consisting of filaments of actin and myosin, which slid past each other, shortening cells |
| Intercalated Disc | Connection between cardiac muscle cells |
| Nervous Tissue | Neurons and neuroglia composing the brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
| Neurons | Nerve Cells |
| Neuroglia | Specialized cells of the nervous system that, depending on the type of neuroglia, produce myelin, maintain the ionic environment, provide growth factors that support neurons, provide structural support, and play a role in cell-to-cell communication |
| Integumentary System | The organ system that includes the skin and its accessory structures |
| Epidermis | Outer, epithelial layer of the skin |
| Dermis | The thick layer of skin beneath the epidermis |
| Subcutaneous Layer | Loose connective tissue layer beneath the skin; also called the hypodermis |
| Stratum Basale | Deepest layer of the epidermis, where cells divide; also called the stratum germinativum |
| Keratin | Intracellular protein in epidermis, hair, and nails |
| Stratum Corneum | Outer, horny layer of the epidermis |
| Melanin | Dark pigment generally found in skin and hair |
| Eumelanin | Brownish-black pigment |
| Pheomelanin | Reddish-yellow pigment |
| Nails | Protective plate at the distal end of a finger or toe |
| Hair Follicles | Tubelike depression in the skin where a hair develops |
| Sebaceous Glands | Skin gland that secretes sebum |
| Sebum | Oily secretion of the sebaceous glands |
| Sweat Glands | Exocrine gland in skin that secretes a mixture of salt, water, and wastes such as urea |
| Inflammation | Tissue response to stress that includes pain, warmth, redness, and swelling |
| Skeletal System | System made up of bones, ligaments, and cartilage. Provides structure and support |
| Long Bones | Bones with long, longitudinal axes & expanded ends. Ex: Forearm & Thigh bones |
| Short Bones | Bones with roughly equal lengths and widths. Ex: Ankle & Wrist bones |
| Flat Bones | Platelike structures with broad surfaces. Ex: Ribs, Sternum, and some bones of Skull |
| Irregular Bones | Variety of Shapes. Most are connected to other bones. Ex: Vertebrae |
| Epiphysis | Either end of a long bone |
| Articular Cartilage | Hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones in synovial joints |
| Diaphysis | Shaft of a long bone |
| Periosteum | Dense connective tissue covering the surface of a bone |
| Compact Bone | Dense bone tissue in which cells are organized in osteons without apparent spaces |
| Spongy Bone | Bones that consist of bars and plates separated by irregular spaces; also called cancellous bone |
| Trabecula | Branching bony plate that separates irregular spaces with spongy bone |
| Medullary Cavity | Cavity containing red or yellow marrow within the diaphysis of a long bone |
| Endosteum | Tissue lining the medullary cavity in a bone |
| Marrow | Connective tissue in spaces in bones that includes blood-forming stem cells |
| Lamellae | Layer of matrix surrounding the central canal of an osteon |
| Canaliculus | Microscopic canal that connects lacunae of bone tissue |
| Ossification | Formation of bone tissue |
| Intramembranous Bones | Bone that forms from membrane-like layers of primitive connective tissue |
| Osteoblast | Bone-forming cell |
| Osteocyte | Mature bone cell |
| Endochondral Bone | Bone that begins as hyaline cartilage that is subsequently replaced by bone tissue |
| Epiphyseal Plate | Cartilaginous layer between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone that grows, lengthening the bone |
| Osteoclast | Bone-resorbing cell |
| Hematopoiesis | Production of blood cells from dividing stem and progenitor cells |
| Axial Skeleton | Pertaining to the head, neck, and trunk |
| Appendicular Skeleton | Pertaining to the upper or lower limbs. |
| Four major tissue types | Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous |
| General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues | - Widespread throughout the body - Cover organs and the body surface - Make up glands - Have a free surface exposed to the outside or to an open internal cavity - Made up of tightly packed cells - Readily divide - Lack blood vessels |
| Classification of Epithelial Tissues (Shape) | Squamous: thin & flat Cuboidal: cube shaped Columnar: tall & elongated |
| Classification of Epithelial Tissues (Layers) | Simple: one layer Stratified: two or more layers |
| Simple Squamous Epithelium | Single layer of thin flat cells Tightly packed cells w/ broad, thin nuclei Diffusion & Filtration sites |
| Simple Cuboidal Epithelium | Single layer of cube shaped cells Centrally located nuclei Functions in urine formation |
| Simple Columnar Epithelium | One row of tall elongated cells Nuclei near the basement membrane Can be ciliated or nonciliated Goblet Cells; secrete mucus for protection |
| Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium | Cells appear layered but aren’t Most have cilia Found in passageways of respiratory system All reach basement membrane but not all reach the free surface |
| Stratified Squamous Epithelium | Many layers of thin flat cells Protects underlying layers Outer layer of skin Lines mouth, esophagus |
| Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium | Two to three layers of cube shaped cells Forms lining of a lumen Lines ducts if mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, pancreas |
| Stratified Columnar Epithelium | Several layers of tall elongated cells Columnar on surface; cubiodal on base Rare tissue type Found in male urethra & large gland ducts |
| Transitional Epithelium | Designed to stretch and shrink Expandable lining Found in the urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters |
| Two major types of glands | Exocrine & Endocrine |
| Glands | Organs composed of epithelial tissues |
| Three types of exocrine glands | Merocrine: Most common Apocrine: Portion of cell is pinched off Holocrine: Entire cells are released and disintegrate |
| General Characteristics of Connective Tissue | Cells lie far apart Tissues can divide Extracellular matrix Functions: Bind, support, protect, frameworks, fill spaces, store fat |
| Four Types of Membranes | Serous, Mucous, Cutaneous, Synovial |
| General Characteristics of Muscle Tissue | Generate force, contract and shorten to provide movement |
| Three Types of Muscle Tissue | Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth |
| Skeletal Muscle Tissue | Muscle attached to bones Voluntary Striated |
| Smooth Muscle Tissue | Involuntary One nucleus Lacks striations |
| Cardiac Muscle | Only in heart Involuntary Striated Branching cells |
| Superior | Above another part |
| Inferior | Below another part |
| Anterior | Toward the front |
| Posterior | Toward the back |
| Medial | Closer to the midline |
| Bilateral | Paired structures; One on each side |
| Ipsilateral | Structures on the same side |
| Contralateral | Structures on opposite sides |
| Proximal | Closer to the point of attachment |
| Distal | Further from the point of attachment |
| Superficial | Near surface; Outward |
| Deep | More internal |
Created by:
Malia.grace08
Popular Anatomy sets