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APGovChapter8Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Civil Liberties | fundamental rights and freedoms protected from infringement by the government |
| civil rights | protections from discrimination as a member of a particular group |
| Bill of Rights | A list of fundamental rights and freedoms that individuals possess. The first ten amendments to the US constitution are referred to as the bill of rights |
| Due Process Clause | The clause in the 14th amendment that restricts state governments from denying citizens in their life, liberty, or property without legal safeguards |
| selective incorporation | the piecemeal process through which the Supreme Court affirmed that almost all of the protections in the Bill of Rights also apply to state governments |
| Establishment Clause | First Amendment protection against the government requiring citizens to join or support a religion |
| Free Exercise Clause | First Amendment protection of the rights of individuals to exercise and express their religious beliefs |
| Freedom of expression | a fundamental right affirmed in the First Amendment to speak, publish, and protest |
| clear and present danger test | legal standard that speech posing an immediate and serious threat to national security is not protected by the First Amendment |
| Prior restraint | the suppression of material prior to publication on the grounds that it might endanger national security |
| Symbolic speech | protected expression in the form of images, signs, and other symbols |
| Libel | an untrue written statement that injures a person's reputation |
| Slander | an untrue spoken expression that injures a person's reputation |
| Obscenity and Pornography | words, images, or videos that depict sexual activity in an offensive manner and that lack any artistic merit |
| ex post facto laws | laws criminalizing conduct that was legal at the time it occurred |
| bill of attainder | a law passed by Congress punishing an individual without a trial |
| writ of habeas corpus | a document setting out reasons for an arrest or detention |
| Procedural Due Process | a judicial standard requiring that fairness be applied to all individuals equally |
| Warrant | a document issued by a judge authorizing a search |
| Probable cause | reasonable belief that a crime has been committed or that there is evidence of criminal activity |
| exclusionary rule | a rule that evidence obtained without a warrant is inadmissible in court |
| Grand jury | a group of citizens who, based on the evidence presented to them, decide whether or not a person should be indicted on criminal charges and subsequently tried in court |
| double jeopardy | protects an individual acquitted of a crime from being charged with the same crime again in the same jurisdiction |
| Miranda rights | the right to remain silent and to have an attorney present during questioning; these rights must be given by police to individuals suspected of criminal activity |
| Bail | an amount of money posted as a security to allow the charged individual to be freed while awaiting trial |
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