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Chapter 2 Test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 5-carbon sugar | pentose |
| acid group | COOH |
| acids | water having more hydrogen ions |
| active site | where an enzyme binds |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | chemical energy used by all cells |
| americium^241 | a component in household and industrial smoke detectors |
| amine group | NH2 |
| amino acids | building blocks of proteins |
| amu | atomic mass unit |
| anion | negatively charged ion |
| antibodies | highly specialized proteins that recognize, bind with and inactivate bacteria, toxins, and some viruses |
| atomic mass number | number of protons & neutrons |
| atomic number | number of protons |
| atoms | building blocks of matter |
| bases | release hydroxide ions into solution |
| bile salts | a breakdown product of cholesterol; released by the liver into the digestive tract, where they aid in fat digestion and absorption |
| biological catalysts | a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction |
| biomolecules | organic molecules made by living organisms |
| bonding | involves interactions between electrons in the outer shell |
| brown adipose tissue | a special type of body fat that is turned on (activated) when you get cold |
| buffers | substances that act to maintain pH stability by taking up excess hydrogen or hydroxyl ions |
| cane sugar | sucrose |
| carbohydrates | which include sugars and starches, contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| carbon | the primary element in all organic molecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| cation | positively charged ion |
| cellulose | a polysaccharide that is only found in plants |
| chemical bonding | combining of atoms of elements |
| chemical energy | stored in the bonds of chemical substances |
| chemical formula | consists of the chemical symbols for the elements that make up the compound |
| chemical reaction | any process in which a chemical change occurs |
| chemical transformation | chemically competent cells are mixed with plasma in DNA and briefly exposed to an elevated temperature |
| cholesterol | basis for all steroids made in the body |
| cobalt^60 | used for sterilization of spices and certain foods; industrial radiography |
| cohesion | hydrogen bonding causes molecules to stick together |
| collagen | the main structural protein found in skin and other connective tissues |
| compound | when atoms of different elements combine chemically |
| condensation | when two monomers link, a molecule of water is produced |
| covalent bonds | bond formed by the sharing of electrons |
| decomposition reaction | reaction in which a compound breaks down |
| dehydration synthesis | the removal of water molecules; the process by which biological molecules are formed from their monomers by removing water |
| denatured | the breaking down of weak bonds |
| deoxyribonucleic acid | the genetic material found within the cell's nucleus |
| deuterium | lightest isotope of hydroge |
| diatomic elements | hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I). |
| disaccharide | two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis |
| dissociation | the separation of ion pairs in a solution |
| double covalent bonds | share two pairs of electrons |
| electrical energy | force that results from the movement of charged particles |
| electrolyte | a solution that conducts electricity |
| electronegativity | the attraction (pull) for shared electrons |
| electron | negatively charged part of an atom |
| electron shells | energy levels |
| electron transfer bond | (ionic bond) the act of moving an electron from one place to another |
| empirical formula | a combination of chemical symbols and numbers that indicates which elements and how many atoms of each element are present in a molecule |
| energy | the ability to do work |
| enzymes | organic catalyst |
| exchange reaction | switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made |
| fibrous proteins | (structural proteins) appear most often in body structures and are very important in binding structures together and providing strength in certain body tissues |
| first energy level (numbers) | full with 2 electrons |
| four elements (96% of us) | carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen |
| fructose | the sweetest of the simple sugars, is found in fruits |
| functional proteins | type of protein that antibodies are examples of |
| galactose | found in milk |
| globular proteins | protein classification of antibodies or enzymes |
| glucose | most important of the monosaccharides |
| H^+ | nucleus of a hydrogen ion separated from its electron |
| hemoglobin | a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood |
| hormones | help to regulate growth and development (growth hormone, insulin, and nerve growth factor) |
| hydrogen | the lightest element; |
| hydrogen bonds | extremely weak bonds formed when a hydrogen atom bound to one electron-hungry nitrogen or oxygen atom is attracted to another electron-hungry atom, and the hydrogen forms a bridge between them |
| hydrolysis | breaking apart of a molecule by the addition of water |
| hydroxyl ions | a negatively charged ion made up of hydrogen bonded to oxygen |
| inert elements | do not combine with other atoms to form compounds (krypton, neon, argon, helium, xenon, radon); the outer most shell is complete |
| inorganic compounds | lack carbon (water, salts, and some acids and bases) |
| ion | atom with electrical charge |
| ionic bonds | attraction that holds ions together |
| isomers | compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula |
| isotope | made by adding neutrons |
| keratin | structural protein of hair and nails |
| lactose | (milk sugar) glucose + galactose |
| lipids | are organic compounds that are waxy or oily |
| liquid (atomic movement) | particles move rapidly in all directions but collide with each other more frequently than in gases due to shorter distances between particles |
| macromolecules | large polymers |
| malt sugar | maltose |
| maltose | (malt sugar) glucose + glucose |
| matter | occupies space and has mass |
| mechanical energy | energy directly involved in moving matter |
| messenger RNA | carries the information for building the proteins from the DNA genes to the ribosomes |
| milk sugar | lactose |
| molecular formula | a combination of chemical symbols and numbers that indicates which elements and how many atoms of each element are present in a molecule |
| molecule | particle that is formed by atoms sharing electrons in covalent bonds |
| monomers | smaller compounds |
| monosaccharides | simple sugars such as: glucose, fructose, and galactose |
| nerve impulses | a signal transmitted along a nerve fiber |
| neutral fats | the source of stored energy and found in fat deposits |
| neutral solution | solution that has the same number of hydrogen ions as hydroxide ions |
| neutralization reaction | when acids and bases react to form water and a salt |
| neutrons | subatomic particle not having a charge |
| nitrogen | a component of proteins and nucleic acids |
| non-polar covalent bonds | electrons are shared equally between the atoms of the molecule |
| nucleic acids | make up the genes, which provide the basic blueprint of life |
| nucleotides | building blocks of nucleic acids |
| organic compounds | compounds containing carbon (carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins) |
| outer shell | valence shell |
| pentose | name given to a five carbon sugar |
| pH 7=neutral | the number of hydrogen ions exactly equals the number of hydroxyl ions |
| pH above 7=basic | hydroxyl ions outnumber the hydrogen ions |
| pH below 7=acidic | hydrogen ions outnumber the hydroxyl ions |
| phospholipid | lipid type containing two fatty acids rather than three forming cell membranes |
| polar covalent bonds | specific bond in which electrons are shared but not equally |
| polar molecule | molecules with an unequal distribution of charges |
| polarity | the property of having poles or being polar. |
| polymerization | large compounds are constructed by joining together smaller compounds |
| polymers | a very large molecule consisting of repeated linked units |
| polysaccharide | carbohydrates that are long-branching chains of linked simple sugars (starch, cellulose, and glycogen) |
| polyunsaturated fats | lipids made from polyunsaturated fatty acids |
| polyunsaturated fatty acids | A fatty acid containing more than one double bond |
| proteins | compounds that account for over 50 percent of the organic matter in the body |
| protium | stable isotope of hydrogen |
| protons | positively charged particle |
| r group | a single group of amino acids that differ from the rest that make each amino acid chemically unique |
| radiant energy | travels in waves (X-rays, infrared radiation, visible light, radio, and ultraviolet) |
| radioactivity | process of spontaneous atomic decay |
| radioisotope | heavier isotopes of certain atoms are unstable and decompose to become more stable |
| reactive elements | have incompletely filled valence shells |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | carries out DNA's instructions for protein synthesis |
| ribose | sugar found in RNA |
| ribosomal RNA | forms part of the ribosomes, where it oversees the translation of the message and the binding together of amino acids to form proteins |
| rule of eights | atoms interact in such a way that they will have 8 electrons in their valence shell |
| salts | easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water (electrolytes) |
| saturated fats | lipids made from saturated fatty acids |
| second energy level (numbers) | hold up to 8 electrons |
| saturated fatty acids | fatty acids that contain only single covalent bonds |
| shell 1 | can hold a maximum of 2 electrons |
| shell 2 | can hold a maximum of 8 electrons |
| shell 3 | can hold a maximum of 18 electrons |
| single covalent bonds | share one pair of electrons |
| solid | least atomic movement |
| source of stored energy | triglycerides |
| starch | a white, granular, organic chemical that is produced by all green plants |
| steroids | flat molecules formed of four interlocking rings |
| sterols | play a number of important roles in building cells and carrying messages from one part of the body to another (estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone) |
| structural formula | an expanded molecular showing the arrangement of atoms within the molecule |
| structural proteins | (fibrous proteins) appear most often in body structures and are very important in binding structures together and providing strength in certain body tissues |
| sublimation | the change from a solid to a gas without becoming a liquid |
| substrates | substance that is acted on by enzyme; catalyst |
| sucrose | (cane sugar) glucose + fructose |
| surface tension | a measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid |
| synthesis reaction | atoms or molecules combine and energy is absorbed for bond formation |
| tracer | a radioactive element whose pathway through the steps of a chemical reaction can be followed |
| transfer RNA | riibonucleic acid that ferries amino acids to the ribosomes |
| triglycerides | another name for neutral fats; |
| tritium | heaviest isotope of hydrogen |
| unsaturated fatty acids | fatty acids that contain one ore more double covalent bonds; are usually liquid (oils) at room temperature |
| valence shell | name given to an atom's outermost energy level |
| vitamin d | a fat-soluble vitamin produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation; necessary for normal bone growth and function; deficits result in sterility |
| water | most abundant inorganic compound in the body |
| white adipose tissue | 1. heat insulation, 2. mechanical cushion, 3. source of energy |
| nitrogenous bases | adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil |
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margaret_05
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