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Chapter 16
Special Senses
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| accommodation | adjustment of the eye for various distances so that images focus on the retina of the eye |
| acuity | clearness or sharpness of a sensory function |
| adnexa | tissues or structures in the body adjacent to or near a related structure |
| humor | any fluid or semi-fluid of the body |
| labyrinth | series of intricate communicating passages |
| opaque | substance or surface that neither transmits nor allows the passage of light |
| perilymph | fluid that very closely resembles spinal fluid but is found in the cochlea |
| photo pigment/ visual pigment | light-sensitive pigment in the retinal cones and rods that absorbs light and initiates the visual process |
| refractive | ability to bend light rays as they pass from one medium to another |
| stereopsis | depth perception provided by visual information derived from two eyes located in slightly different positions so that each produces its own unique view of an object |
| eye | globe shaped organ composed of three distinct tunics, or layers: the fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and the sensory tunic |
| fibrous tunic | outermost layer of the eyeball; serves as a protective coat for the more sensitive structures beneath; includes the sclera, cornea, and conjunctiva |
| vascular tunic; uvea | middle layer of the eyeball; consists of the choroid, iris, and ciliary body |
| choroid | provides the blood supply for the entire eye; contains pigmented cells that prevent extraneous light from entering the inside of the eye; an opening here allows for the optic nerve to enter the inside of the eyeball |
| iris | a colored contractile membrane with a perforated center called the pupil; regulates the amount of light passing through the pupil to the interior of the eye |
| pupil | as environmental light increases, this constricts; as light decreases, it dilates |
| ciliary body | circular muscle that produces aqueous humor; is attached to a capsular bag that holds the lends between the suspensory ligaments; as its muscle contracts and relaxes, it alters the shape of the lens, making it thicker or thinner |
| sensory tunic | innermost layer of the eyeball, and is the delicate, double layers retina |
| retina | consists of a thin outer pigmented layer lying over the choroid and a thick, inner nervous layer, or visual portion; is responsible for the reception and transmission of visual impulses to the brain; it has two types of visual receptors: rods and cones |
| rods | function in dim light and produce black and white vision |
| cones | function in bright light and produce color vision |
| macula | a highly sensitive structure in the center portion of the retina |
| fovea | located in the center of the macula; when the eye focuses on an object, the light rays from that object are directed to this; because this is composed of only cones that lie very close to each other, it provides the greatest acuity for color vision |
| optic nerve | the chemical changes produce impulses that are transmitted through here to the brain, where they are interpreted as vision; |
| optic disc | the optic nerve and blood vessels of the eye enter here; its center is referred to as the blind spot because the area has neither rods nor cones for vision |
| aqueous fluid | one of two major fluids of the eye; found in the posterior and anterior chambers of the anterior portion of the eye, and provides nourishment for the lens and cornea |
| canal of Schlemm | aqueous humor drains from the eye through this small opening |
| glaucoma | when aqueous humor fails to drain from the eye at the rate at which it is produced, this could result |
| vitreous humor | second major humor of the eye; jellylike substance that fills the interior of the eye, the vitreous chamber |
| refractive | vitreous humor, lens, and aqueous humor are this structure of the eye, focusing light rays sharply on the retina; if any one of these structures does not function properly, vision is impaired |
| adnexa | include all supporting structures of the eye globe |
| conjunctiva | mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the sclera; it lubriates the eye by producing mucus and tears |
| lacrimal apparatus | the structures that produce, store, and remove tears |
| lacrimal glands | The glands that produce fluids to keep the eye moist; also called tear glands. |
| canthi | inner and outer corners of the eye |
| lacrimal canals | drain the tears from the eyes into the enlarged lacrimal sac |
| external ear | outer structures of the ear that collect sound waves through air |
| tympanic cavity | middle ear; conduct sound through bone |
| labyrinth | (inner layer of the ear), conduct sound through fluid |
| auricle; or pinna | collects and directs waves traveling through and and channels them to the external auditory canal or ear canal |
| external auditory canal | The ear canal; a slender tube lined with glands that produce a waxy secretion; leads to the tympanic membrane. |
| cerumen | yellow waxy material that lubricates and protects the ear canal; it traps tiny foreign particles and prevents them from entering the deeper areas of the canal |
| tympanic membrane | The eardrum. A structure that separates the outer ear from the middle ear and vibrates in response to sound waves |
| ossicles | tiny articulating bones; malleus, incus, stapes |
| cochlea | a coiled, bony, snail shaped, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses |
| hair cells | tiny nerve endings; the hairlike sensory receptors for sound, which are embedded in the basilar membrane of the cochlea. |
| oval window | membrane at the enterance to the cochlea through which the ossicles transmit vibrations |
| eustachian tube | A narrow tube between the middle ear and the throat that serves to equalize pressure on both sides of the eardrum |
| semicircular canals | three canals within the inner ear that contain specialized receptor cells that generate nerve impulses with body movement |
| vestibule | joins the cochlea and the semicircular canals. Responsible for maintaining balance |
| ambly/o | dull, dim |
| aque/o | water |
| blephar/o | eyelid |
| choroid/o | choroid |
| conjunctiv/o | conjunctiva |
| core/o, pupill/o | pupil |
| corne/o | cornea |
| cycl/o | ciliary body of the eye; circular; cycle |
| dacry/o, lacrim/o | tear; lacrimal apparatus (duct, sac, or gland) |
| dacryocyst/o | lacrimal sac |
| glauc/o | grey |
| goni/o | angle |
| irid/o | iris |
| kerat/o | horny tissue; hard; cornea |
| ocul/o, ophthalm/o | eye |
| opt/o, optic/o | eye, vision |
| phac/o | lens |
| phot/o | light |
| presby/o | old age |
| retin/o | retina |
| scler/o | hardening; sclera (white of eye) |
| scot/o | darkness |
| vitr/o | vitreous body (of the eye) |
| audi/o | hearing |
| labyrinth/o | labyrinth (inner ear) |
| mastoid/o | mastoid process |
| ot/o | ear |
| salping/o | tubes (usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes) |
| staped/o | stapes |
| tympan/o, myring/o | tympanic membrane (eardrum) |
| -acusia, -cusis | hearing |
| -opia, -opsia | vision |
| -tropia | turning |
| exo- | outside, outward |
| hyper- | excessive; above normal |
| ophthalmology | medical specialty concerned with disorders of the eye |
| ophthalmologist | physician who studies and treats diseases of the eye |
| optometrist | diagnose vision problems and eye diseases, prescribe eyeglasses, contact lenses, and drugs to treat eye disorders; cannot perform surgery but commonly provide operative and postoperative care |
| otolaryngology | medical specialty concerned with disorders of the ear, nose and throat |
| otolaryngologist | A physician who treats disorders of the ear, nose and throat |
| audiologst | specializes in nonmedical management of the auditory and balance systems |
| glaucoma | increased intraocular pressure caused by failure of aqueous humor to drain from the eye through the canal of schlemm; results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision |
| chronic form of glaucoma; open-angle, simple, or wide-angle glaucoma | may produce no symptons except gradual loss of peripheral vision over a period of years, headaches, blurred vision, and dull pain in the eye may also be present |
| acute form of glaucoma; angle-closure or narrow-angle glaucoma | causes extreme ocular pain, blurred vision, redness of the eye, and dilation of the pupil, nausea and vomiting may also occur; and if left untreated it causes complete and permanent blindness in 2 to 5 days |
| miotics | medications that cause the pupils to constrict which permits aqueous humor to escape from the eye, relieving pressure |
| macular degeneration | deterioration of macula, the most sensitive portion of the retina that is responsible for central vision required for reading, driving, detail work, and recognizing faces |
| age related macular degeneration | progressive and irreversible destruction of receptors from any of a number of causes |
| otitis media | inflammation of the middle ear that may be caused by a virus or bacterium |
| otopyorrhea | discharge of pus from the ear |
| mastoiditis | inflammation of the mastoid process |
| otoencephalitis | inflammation of brain tissue near the middle ear |
| analgesics | drugs that relieve pain |
| myringotomy, tympanostomy | incision into the eardrum, most often for insertion of a small polyethylene (PE) tube to keep the canal open and prevent fluid buildup, such as occurs in otitis media |
| otosclerosis | hardening of the bony tissue of the middle ear |
| ankylosis | abnormal condition of stiffness |
| tinnitus | perception of ringing, hissing, or other sounds in the ears or head when no external sound is present |
| stapedectomy (stapedotomy) | removing part of the stapes |
| neoplastic diseases | involve abnormal cell growth that leads to harmless or cancerous tumors |
| retinoblastoma | tumor arising from a developing retinal cell |
| melanoma | The most serious form of skin cancer |
| bilateral | both eyes |
| enucleation | surgical removal of the eyeball |
| basal cell carcinoma | Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules. |
| squamous cell carcinoma | malignant tumor of the squamous epithelial cells in the epidermis |
| achromatopsia | severe congenital deficiency in color perception; also called complete color blindness |
| ametropia | Failure of light rays to focus sharply on the retina as a result of a defect in the lens, cornea, or shape of the eyeball; also called error of refraction |
| astigmatism | distorted vision resulting from a defective curvature of the cornea or lens causing light rays to diffuse over a large area of the retina rather than being sharply focused |
| hyperopia | visual defect in which the eyeball is too short, and the image falls behind the retina; also called farsightedness |
| myopia | visual defect in which the eyeball is too long, and the image falls in front of the retina; also called nearsightedness |
| cataract | opacity that forms on the lens and impairs vision, caused by proteins that slowly build up over time |
| chalazion; also called a meibomian cyst | small, hard tumor developing on the eyelid, somewhat similar to a sebaceous cyst |
| conjunctivitis | inflammation of the conjunctiva and inner eyelids with vascular congestion; also called pinkeye |
| drusen | small yellowish deposits composed of retinal pigment cells that develop under the retina and are associated with an increased risk of developing age-related macular degeneration |
| ectropion | eversion, or outward turning, of the edge of the lower eyelid, causing it to pull away from the eye, generally associated with aging and weakness of the small muscles around the eyelid |
| entropion | inversion, or inward turning, of the edge of the lower eyelid, commonly causing friction as the eyelashes and outer eyelid rub against the surface of the eye |
| epiphora | abnormal overflow of tears |
| hordeolum | localized, circumscribed, inflammatory swelling of one of the several sebaceous glands of the eyelid, generally caused by a bacterial infection; also called stye |
| metamorphopsia | visual distortion of objects |
| nyctalopia | impaired vision in dim light; also called night blindness |
| nystagmus | type of involuntary eye movements that appear jerky and may reduce vision or be associated with other, more serious conditions that limit vision |
| papilledema | swelling and hyperemia of the optic disc, usually associated with increased intracranial pressure; also called choked disc |
| photophobia | unusual intolerance and sensitivity to light |
| retinopathy | any disorder of retinal blood vessels |
| strabismus | misalignment of the eyes so that they do not focus on the same object at the same time, sending two different images to the brain; also called heterotropia or tropia |
| trachoma | chronic, contagious form of conjunctivitis that typically leads to blindness |
| anacusis; anacusia | complete deafness |
| conduction impairment | blockage of sound waves as they travel through the external and middle ear (conduction pathway) |
| labyrinthitis | inflammation of the inner ear that usually results from an acute viral disease, such as mumps, measles, or influenza |
| meniere disease; also called endolymphatic/labyrinthine hydrops | increased fluid pressure of the endolymphatic system that leads to progressive loss of hearing |
| noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) | condition caused by the destruction of hair cells, the organs responsible for hearing, as a result of sounds that are "too long, too loud, or too close" |
| otitis externa | Infection of the outer ear canal (external auditory canal) |
| presbyacusis; also called presbyacusia | impairment of hearing resulting from old age |
| vertigo | sensation of a spinning motion either of oneself or of the surroundings |
| audiometry | measurement of hearing acuity at differing sound-wave frequencies and volumes to detect the various types of hearing impairment |
| caloric stimulation test | test that uses different water temperatures to assess the vestibular portion of the nerve of the inner ear (acoustic nerve) to determine if nerve damage is the cause of vertigo |
| electronystagmography (ENG) | method of assessing and recording eye movements by measuring the electrical activity of the extraocular muscles |
| gonioscopy | examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye to determine ocular motility and rotation and diagnose and manage glaucoma |
| ophthalmodynamometry | measurement of the blood pressure of the retinal vessels |
| ophthalmoscopy | visual examination of the interior of the eye using a handheld instrument called an ophthalmoscope, which has various adjustable lenses for magnification and a light source to illuminate the interior of the eye |
| ostoscopy | visual examination of the external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane using an otoscope |
| pneumatic | otoscopic procedure that assesses the ability of the tympanic membrane to move in response to a change in air pressure |
| retinoscopy | evaluation of refractive errors of the eye by projecting a light into the eyes and determining the movement of reflected light rays |
| slit lamp examination (SLE) | stereoscopic magnified view of the anterior eye structures in detail, which includes the cornea, lens, iris, sclera, and vitreous humor |
| tonometry | evaluation of intraocular pressure by measuring the resistance of the eyeball to indentation by an applied force |
| tuning fork tests | hearing tests using a vibrating tuning fork to determine type of hearing loss |
| rinne | Tuning fork test that evaluates unilateral hearing loss by comparing sound though bone conduction (BC) versus air conduction (AC); also called air and bone conduction hearing test |
| weber | tuning fork test that determines whether hearing loss occurs in the middle ear (conductive hearing loss) or in the auditory nerves or hair cells of the inner ear (sensorineural); also called conductive and sensorineural hearing loss test |
| visual acuity test (VA) | part of an eye examination that determines the smallest letters that can be read on a standardized chart at a distance of 20 feet |
| dacryocystography | radiographic imaging procedure of the nasolacrimal (tear) glands and ducts |
| fluorescein angiography | evaluation of blood vessels and their leakage in and beneath the retina after injection of fluorescein dye, which circulates while photographs of the vessels within the eye are obtained |
| blepharoplasty | cosmetic surgery that removes fatty tissue above and below the eyes that commonly form as a result of the aging process or excessive exposure to the sun |
| cochlear implant insertion | placement of an artificial hearing device that produces hearing sensations by electrically stimulating nerves inside the inner ear; also called bionic ear |
| cyclodialysis | formation of an opening between the anterior chamber and the suprachoroidal space for the draining of aqueous humor in glaucoma |
| enucleation | removal of the eyeball from the orbit |
| evisceration | removal of the contents of the eye while leaving the sclera and cornea intact |
| LASIK surgery | procedure using a specialized laser passed through a temporary flap made in the cornea to reshape underlying corneal tissue |
| otoplasty | corrective surgery for a deformed or excessively large or small pinna |
| phacoemulsification with lens implant | ultrasonic destruction and removal of a cloudy lens and replacement with a new, clear artificial lens; also called phaco |
| pressure equalizing (PE) tube placement | insertion of tubes through the tympanic membrane, commonly used to treat chronic otitis media; also called tympanostomy tubes or ventilation tubes |
| sclerostomy | surgical formation of an opening in the sclera |
| tympanoplasty | reconstruction of the eardrum, commonly due to perforation; also called myringoplasty |
| ear irrigation | flushing of the ear canal with water or saline to dislodge foreign bodies or impacted cerumen (earwax) |
| eye refraction test | visual acuity test to determine the prescription for eyeglasses or contact lenses if required |
| retinal photocoagulation; also called laser photocoagulation | technique that uses light energy in the form of a laser beam to seal or cauterize retinal tissue |
| eye antibiotics, ophthalmic | inhibit growth of microorganisms that infect the eye; tobramycin, ciprofloxacin |
| antiglaucoma agents | increase aqueous humor outflow or decrease its production, resulting in decreased intraocular pressure; timolol, dorzolamide, latanoprost |
| anti-inflammatory, ophthalmics | Reduce inflammation after corneal injury or ophthalmic surgery or in chronic inflammatory eye conditions; prednisolone, ketorolac |
| artifical tears | soothe eyes that are dry because of environmental irritants and allergens; cellulose derivatives, glycerin, propylene glycol |
| mydriatics | disrupt parasympathetic nerve supply to the eye or stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, causing the pupil to dilate; atropine sulfate |
| decongestants, ophthalmic | constrict the small arterioles of the eye, decreasing redness and relieving conjunctival congestion; tetrahydrozoline |
| ear antiemetics | treat and prevent nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and vertigo by reducing the sensitivity of the inner ear to motion or inhibiting stimuli from reaching the part of the brain that triggers nausea and vomiting; meclizine |
| otic analgesics | provide temporary relief from pain and inflammation associated with otic disorders; atipyrine and benzocaine |
| wax emulsifiers | loosen and help remove impacted cerumen (ear wax); cabramide, peroxide |
| Acc | accommodation |
| ARMD, AMD | age-related macular degeneration |
| Ast | astigmatism |
| ENG | electronystagmography |
| IOL | intraocular lens |
| LASIK | laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis |
| AC | air conduction |
| BC | bone conduction |
| ENT | ear, nose, throat |
| NIHL | noise-induced hearing loss |
| O.D. | doctor of optometry |
| SLE | slit-lamp examination; systemic lupus erythematosus |
| ST | esotropia |
| VA | visual acuity |
| VF | visual field |
| XT | exotropia |
| OM | otitis media |
| PE | pressure-equalizing (tube); physical examination; pulmonary embolism |
| URI | upper respiratory infection |
| extra-ocular muscles | the six muscles that control the movement of the eye: the superior, inferior, lateral and medial rectus muscles and the superior and inferior oblique muscles; they coordinate the eyes so that they move in a synchronized manner |
| ear | sense receptor organ for two senses: hearing and equilibrium |
| organ of Corti | highly sensitive hearing structure which contains tiny nerve ending |
| signs and symptoms of ear disorders | hearing impairment, ringing in the ears, pain or drainage from the ears, loss of balance, dizziness, and nausea |
Created by:
cblackhawk
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