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CLST102: Test 3
Intro to Greek Civilization Week 7-9 Test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Solon the Lawgiver | his reforms are credited with the origins of democracy; his goal was solving the social crisis caused by class differences |
| Solon's Reforms | divided people based on wealth; abolished debt-based slavery; tried to avoid concentration of land in the hands of a few |
| Peisistratos | a tyrant who took control of the city on behalf of the citizens |
| Club Bearers | peisistratos' bodygaurds |
| Hipparkhos | peisistratos' son; murdered by 2 citizens for personal reasons |
| Hippias | peisistratos' son; exiled |
| Kleisthenes | reorganized into 10 tribes; created the boule of 500 |
| Isonomia | equal right of all citizens to exercise their political rights |
| Isegoria | equal right to speak |
| Demokratia | power of the people; the who citizenry w out limitations |
| The Persian Debate | written by herodotos; discussing the differences between types of leadership/constitution |
| Otanes | argued in favor of democracy; believed even the best people would overstep the bounds of the position |
| Megabyzos | argued in favor of oligarchy; believed we only wanted our most educated to lead us |
| Dareios | argued in favor of monarchy; beleived it was important that the leaders control was unquestionable and exact |
| Boule | council; made up of 500 people, 50 from each lot; they prepared the agenda for the assembly and drafted preliminary proposals |
| Prutaneis | the standing committee; the 50 council of each tribe acted as a standing committee for 1/10 of the year |
| Tholos | a round building in the agora; certain members of the boule lived there while on duty |
| Demosion | public |
| Epistates | chairman of the prutaneis; served for one day and presided over the meetings of the assembly |
| Proedroi | committee of 10 people, one from each tribe; presided over the meetings of the council and the assembly |
| Bouleuterion | council hall |
| Other Duties of the Boule | in charge of triremes. examined the disabled and gave supports. inspected public buildings. |
| Ekklesia | assembly; open to all adult male citizens; make decisions on all matters of general interest |
| Psefismata | decrees; decisions of policy; voted on by the assembly |
| Nomoi | general laws; voted on by the assembly |
| Nomothetai | lawmakers; anyone who submitted laws for consideration |
| Pnyx Hill | where the assembly met |
| Red Rope | they used a red rope to guide people from the agora into the pnyx; all athenians were expected to participate |
| Who Could Speak in Ekklesia | anyone could speak and was given equal consideration; experts were needed |
| Rhetores | orators |
| Prostates | "champion of the people"; used for someone who could persuade the assembly |
| Demagogos | "leader of the people"; used for someone who could persuade the assembly |
| Arkhontes/Archons | the officials; chosen by lot; there were 9 |
| Arkhon Eponymous | gave the name to the year; in charge of the family and inheritance matters and state festivals |
| Arkhon Basileus | "king arkhon"; presided over religious matters, which was once a privilege of the king |
| Polemarkhos | "military commander"; but his original military functions were lost; death with matters involving metics and foreigners |
| Thesmothetai | "givers of judgement" for all other matters; there were 6 of them |
| Strategos (pl. Strategoi) | general; elected by the assembly; they could also be appointed and had no limitations on terms |
| Hellenotamiai | ten treasures of athena; in charge of the finances of the delian league |
| Dokimasia | preliminary scrutiny; done by those over 30, who were full citizens in good standing |
| Euthunai | audit or review; at the end of a magistrates term they would review his financial accounts and general conduct |
| Magistrate's Oath | they swore an oath on a stone in the agora |
| The Eleven | body of magistrates in charge of order and punishment; they commanded the skythian archers |
| Skythian Archers | a group of public slaves who kept the peace |
| Astunomoi | official in charge of streets and roads; kept the streets and highways clear and clean |
| Agoramoi | official in charge of markets; 10 of them; supervised markets, collecting fees from stallholders, and checking for adulterated goods |
| Metronomoi | official in charge of weights and measures; checked they were to the standards of the mint and the tholos |
| Grammateis | secretaries of the boule and ekklesia |
| Kerukes | heralds; sent by the ekklesia to deliver messages; protected by the gods while delivering mssages |
| Presbeutes | elder; envoys; prominent citizens with good connections outside of athens sent to negotiate; had no protections |
| Areopagus Council | made up of former archons; law court of the most serious crimes (homicide, arson, sacrilege) |
| The Laws of Drakon | involuntary homicide would result in exile or an agreement with the family/phratry of the victim |
| Dikasteria | jury-courts; also called eliaia |
| Dikastai | jurors; at least 6000 at a time; served for a year and were selected by lot |
| Dike | private lawsuit; could only be brough by the victims or their legal representatives |
| Graphe | public lawsuit; could be brought by any male citizen in good standing |
| Graphe Paranomon | brought against those that made illegal proposals in assembly (false accusations) |
| Stages of a Law Proceeding | prosecutor delivered oral summons-appear before the magistrate-written statement of the charge is presented-preliminary hearing is scheduled-the defendant creates a written response-public arbitration |
| Bronze Ballots | used in the voting for the verdict |
| Disadvantages of Athenian Law | could be abused for frivolous matters |
| Advantages of Athenian Law | worked fast, didn't require specialists, and was guided by considerations of equity |
| Public Income | harvour and market fees, metic taxes, rents from mines, fines, etc |
| Public Expenses | salary for magistrates/jurors, military, public festivals and public slaves |
| Leitourgia | liturgy; originally a voluntary position; wealthy athenians contributed to the smoth running of the community |
| Trierarchy Liturgy | a citizen is appointed as trierarch to maintain and command a triereme |
| Festival Liturgy | the sponsorship of teams; most important of these was khoregia, which was the production of a chorus for theatrical production |
| Eisphora | property tax; generally taken at times of war; became an annual tax paid by the wealthy |
| Summoriai | tax syndicates; people were divided into them |
| The Delian League | began in 478 bce; voluntary alliance to prevent future persian attacks |
| Hegemon | leader of the delian league; athens was the hegemon |
| Phoros | cash tribute; all members of the delian league had to pay it to athens |
| Kleruch | athenian citizens who were settled in overseas territories as an athenian influence |
| The Second Athenian League | established in 378 bce; promised to be less oppressive but ended up becoming similar to the delian league |
| Generation Cycle of Peace | peace agreements typically only lasted 30 years, which allowed the next generation to grow and fight |
| Hoplite | hoplitai from hoplon; heavy infantry |
| Ta Sphagia | blood sacrifice; part of the hoplite battle rituals |
| Bronze Cuirass | hoplite armour; the chestpiece was designed to look like a heroes chest |
| Linothorax | linen cuirass; layers of cloth glued together; a cheaper more flexible more of armour |
| Primary Weapon of Hoplites | spear |
| Sauroter | "lizard killer"; spear-butt |
| Kopis | single-edged slashing sword |
| Phalanx | the close order fashion of fighting |
| Othismos | the shove; both a metaphorical and literal strategy |
| Psiloi | light-armed soldiers; literally means "bare" |
| Peltasts | armed with a light crescent shield called a pelte, javelins, and swords |
| More Roles | archers, slingers, and cavaltry |
| Sarissa | long pikes |
| Xenophon | famous greek historian; was a mercenary soldier; the professionalization of war |
| Trireme | standard greek warship; around 35ft long; light, fast, and easy to turn; had ~200 people |
| Trireme Tactics | the preferred tactic was ramming; boarding was only used in confined situations |
| Thetes | lower income class |
| Demou Kratousa Kheir | "the sovereign hand of the demos"; the earliest form form of the phrase democracy |
| Bema | the rostum; speakers would mount it to give their speech to the assembly |
| Probouleusis | prior deliberation of matters on the ekklesia's agenda |
| Probouleuma | proposal about the matter of discussion |
| Hoi Politeuomenoi | the politicians |
| Bouletai | councillors (sing. bouteutes) |
| Zeugitai | solon's third property grouping; where the arkhons fell |
| Logistai | the reckoners |
| Epistatai Eleusinothen | the treasurers/financial administrators of the eleusinian mysteries |
| Taktai | managers; literally "arrangers"; it was their job to assess the cities liable for tribute |
| Areios Pagos | hill of ares; the location of the areopagus council |
| Phasis | denunciation |
| Synegoroi | co-speakers |
| Pinakion | identity ticket for jurors |
| Sukophantai | vexatious litigents; we hear about them in aristophanes' "wealth" |
| Eisphora | occasional fees on citizen property |
| Kleroterion | allotment machine for jurors |
| Poletai | sellers; similar to a landlord |
| Eisphoai | emergency war taxes; they were expected to pay a small amount, less than 1%, but they rose/became more frequent as the state financials became more precarious |
| The Social War | the revolt against the athenians control over the allies |
| Apoikoi | colonists; athenians sent abroad to spread the influence |
| Geonomoi | land distributors |
| Autonomia | the autonomy |
| Elertheria | the liberty |
| Phrourarkhos | garrison commander |
| Episkopoi | inspectors |
| Sunedroi | delegates |
| Ta Hiera | divination; part of the hoplite battle rituals |
| Thalamitai | the lowest bank of rowers; 27 on each side |
| Zugioi | the middle bank of rowers; 27 on each side |
| Thranitai | the highest bank of rowers; 31 on each side; paid the most |
| Kubernetes | steersman |
| Keleustes | a rowing officer |
| Prorates | bow office |
| Diekplous | the favoured tactical maneuver, it would pass through enemy lines then swing around and attack the enemy, either by ramming it broadside of by shearing off oars |
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