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the Digestive System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| anus | A muscular opening at the end of the rectum through which waste material is eliminated from the body |
| appendicitis | inflammation of the appendix |
| appendix | A small, fingerlike extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity; acts as a safe space for microflora to reproduce |
| cholecystitis | inflammation of the gallbladder; usually associated with gallstones |
| cirrhosis | a chronic degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring usually related to excessive alcohol consumption |
| cleft lip | a birth defect in which the lip tissue failed to close during prenatal development |
| cleft palate | the failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus |
| colorectal cancer | cancer of the colon and rectum |
| digestive physiology | changing complex solid foods into simpler soluble forms that cells can use |
| diverticulosis | a condition in which little sacs (diverticula) develop in the wall of the colon |
| enteritis | inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral, protozoan, or bacterial pathogens |
| esophagus | A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. |
| gall bladder | An organ that sits inferior of the liver and stores bile and releases it as needed into the small intestine |
| gallstones | crystallized cholesterol in the gallbladder |
| gastric cancer | stomach cancer |
| gastritis | inflammation of the lining of the stomach caused by bacteria or a virus |
| gastroenteritis | inflammation of the stomach and small intestine usually lasting 24-36 hours |
| gingivitis | inflammation of the gums |
| heartburn | burning sensation produced by a backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus |
| hemorrhoids | Swollen, painful rectal veins; often a result of constipation, aging & pregnancy |
| hepatitis | inflammation of the liver usually caused by a virus (Hepatitis A, B, C, D, & E) |
| hiatal hernia | protrusion of a part of the stomach upward through the opening in the diaphragm |
| IBD | the general name for diseases that cause inflammation in the intestines (inflammatory bowel disease) like Crohn's disease & Ulcerative colitis |
| large intestine | The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is compacted into feces |
| liver | The largest digestive system accessory organ that produces bile that helps dissolve and emulsify lipids. |
| metabolism | All of the chemical reactions that occur within the cells of an organism through anabolism or catabolism |
| microflora | bacteria inhabiting surfaces of the body, especially within the GI tract to aid in digestion; Probiotics, fermented foods, fruits, & vegetables help nourish microflora. |
| mucosa | The innermost layer of the intestines made from simple columnar epithelial cells that excrete mucous |
| muscularis | the outer layer of the intestinal lining; used to push food through the GI tract through a process called peristalsis |
| oral cavity | mouth; helps digest carbohydrates by mechanically breaking down food and chemically dissolving it with saliva |
| pancreas | An organ in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is to produce digestive enzymes which are delivered to the small intestine. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin into the bloodstream to help regulate blood sugar levels. |
| pancreatitis | inflammation of the pancreas, usually caused by gallstones or heavy alcohol consumption |
| Periodontitis | inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone |
| pharynx | throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx |
| pyloric stenosis | narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum |
| rectum | A short tube at the end of the large intestine where indigestible waste material is stored before being eliminated |
| salivary glands | Glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive secretion |
| small intestine | 20 foot long digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place |
| stomach | large muscular pouch-like sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food |
| stomatitis | inflammation of the oral mucosa (soft tissues of the mouth) |
| submucosa | The layer of connective tissue directly under the mucosa of an open body cavity. |
| ulcer | a sore or lesion that forms in the mucosal lining of the stomach or duodenum usually resulting from bacteria (H. pylori) & anti-inflammatory drugs |
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