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A&P - Chapter 1
The Human Body, An Orientation
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy (gross, macroscopic, microscopic, or developmental) | The study of the structures associated with the human body |
| Physiology (requires physics and math) | The study of the function of each of the structures associated with the human body |
| The three levels of gross anatomy | Regional, systematic, and surface |
| Regional gross anatomy | The study of all structures in one region of the body, like the abdomen |
| Systematic gross anatomy | The study of all structures in one system of the body, like the skeletal system |
| Surface gross anatomy | The study of internal structures of the body as they relate to the overlaying skin |
| The two types of microscopic anatomy | Cytology and histology |
| Cytology | The study of cells |
| Histology | The study of tissues (micro-anatomy) |
| Developmental anatomy | Traces structural changes throughout life |
| Embryology | The study of developmental changes of a body before birth |
| Pathology | The study of the causes and effects of disease or injury |
| Pharmacology | The study of how medicine affects biological systems |
| Complementarity | Form/structure follows function |
| The six levels of organization | Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal |
| Chemical | The building blocks of all cells |
| Cellular | The smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism |
| Tissue | A group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function |
| Organ | An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types |
| Organ System | An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body |
| Organismal | Being composed of many organ systems that work together to perform the functions needed to live |
| The eleven organ systems | Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive |
| Integumentary | Protection layer (hair, skin, nails) aka external |
| Skeletal | Structure and support (bones) |
| Muscular | Movement and heat (muscles connected to bones) |
| Nervous | Fast-acting control system of the body (nerves and brain) |
| Endocrine | Regulatory system (hormones and glands) |
| Cardiovascular | Blood transport (heart and veins) |
| Lymphatic | Immune system (picks up fluid and disposes of debris |
| Respiratory | Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes CO2 |
| Digestive | Breaks down food for nutrients |
| Urinary | Eliminates waste |
| Reproductive | Production of offspring |
| Necessary Life Functions | Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth |
| Maintaining boundaries | The internal is distinct from the external (plasma membrane on the cellular level and skin on the organismal level) |
| Movement | Locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis) and contractility |
| Responsiveness | Ability to sense changes in the environment and respond |
| Digestion | Breakdown of ingested food |
| Metabolism | All the chemical reactions in the body |
| Excretion | Removal of wastes from the body |
| Reproduction | One cell produces two identical daughter cells (cellular), and sperm and egg unite to make a new person (organismal) |
| Growth | Increase in size of a body part or of the organism |
| Survival needs | Nutrients, oxygen, water, maintaining normal body temperature, and atmospheric pressure |
| Nutrients | Chemical substances used for energy and cell building |
| Oxygen | Needed for metabolic reactions |
| Water | Provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions |
| Maintaining normal body temperature | Necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates |
| Atmospheric pressure | Required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs |
| Homeostasis | Ability to maintain a relatively stable environment in a changing outside world (dynamic equilibrium) |
| Receptor | Monitors the environment and responds to stimuli |
| Control center | Determines the set point at which the variable is maintained |
| Effector | Provides the means to respond to the stimulus |
| Negative feedback | The output shuts off the original stimulus |
| Blood glucose | Negative feedback |
| Blood pressure | Negative feedback |
| Blood sodium | Negative feedback |
| Calcium | Negative feedback |
| WBCs (white blood cells) | Negative feedback |
| RBCs (red blood cells) | Negative feedback |
| Positive feedback | The output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus |
| Blood clotting | Positive feedback |
| Labor | Positive feedback |
| Anatomical position | Body erect, feet slight apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from the body (relative starting point for naming everything in the body) |
| Regional terms | Axial and appendicular |
| Axial | Head, neck, and trunk |
| Appendicular | Limbs and what links them to the axial skeleton |
| Directional terms | Superior, inferior, cranial, caudal, anterior, posterior, ventral, dorsal, medial, lateral, intermediate, proximal, distal, superficial, and deep |
| Superior/Cranial | Towards the head |
| Inferior /Caudal | Away from the head |
| Anterior/Ventral | Towards the front of the body |
| Posterior/Dorsal | Towards the back of the body |
| Medial | Towards the midline of the body |
| Lateral | Away from the midline of the body |
| Intermediate | Between two structures |
| Proximal | Towards the point of attachment to limb or structure (towards the origin) |
| Distal | Away from point of attachment to limb or structure (away from the origin) |
| Superficial | Towards the surface of the body |
| Deep | Away from the outside of the body |
| Body planes | Saggital, midsaggital, frontal, coronal, transverse, horizontal, and oblique |
| Saggital | Divides the body into left and right halves |
| Midsaggital | Divides the body into equal halves (medial or midline) |
| Frontal/Coronal | Divides the body into front and back |
| Transverse/Horizontal | Divides the body into upper and lower portions |
| Oblique | Cuts at an angle |
| Body cavities | Dorsal and ventral |
Created by:
Farwalker3
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