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Anatomy exam 2

TermDefinition
Central Nervous System Includes brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous system connects CNS to rest of body- nerves and ganglia
White matter indicates concentration of axons and dendrites
Gray matter Indicates concentration of cell bodies
Afferent Sensory pathway, provides input from body to CNS
Efferent Motor pathway, carries signals to muscles and glands from the CNS; effectors
Somatic Conscious control or perception
Visceral Subconscious control or perception
Sympathetic nervous system the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations- "fight or flight"
Parasympathetic nervous system the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy- "resting," status quo, on reserve.
Interneurons neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
Motor Neurons efferent neurons; neurons that carry messages from spinal cord/brain to muscles and glands
Dendrite the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
Axon the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands
Nodes of Ranivier Short spaces between segments of myelin in a myelinated nerve fiber
Soma Cell body of a neuron
Myelin sheath A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.
Nissal bodies Dark staining area, rough ER of a neuron
pre-synaptic neuron conducts impulses toward the synapse
post-synaptic neuron the neuron on the receiving end of the synapse
multipolar neuron A neuron with a single axon and multiple dendrites; the most common type of neuron in the nervous system.
Bipolar neuron a neuron with one axon and one dendrite attached to its soma, usually special sense neurons (taste, smell, touch etc)
Unipolar neuron A neuron with one axon attached to its soma; the axon divides, with one branch receiving sensory information and the other sending the information into the central nervous system.
Anaxonic neurons Neurons with indistinguishable axons and dendrites, closely packed together. found in brain and sense organs
Ganglion Cluster of nerve bodies located in the PNS
Synaptic knob rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals that contain vesicles carrying neurotransmitters
Synaptic vesicles Membrane-bounded compartments in which synthesized neurotransmitters are kept, and released upon synapse
Synaptic cleft The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic neuron or cell.
Neuroglia cells that support and protect neurons
Oligodendrocytes Form myelin sheath in CNS. One oligo wraps many axons.
Ependymal cells Produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid. Epithelium like in composition, line central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain.
Microglia Latent phagocytes, engulf damaged cells and bacteria, act as the brain's immune system
Astrocytes Most abundant neuroglia in CNS. Star shaped. Abundant framework of CNS, maintain blood-brain barrier, and provide metabolic functions such as nerve growth, ion and debris control, glucose metabolism and repair.
Schwann Cells Form myelin sheath in PNS
Satelite Cells Surround neuron cell bodies for support and fluid exchange- provide framework and metabolic functions for neurons in the PNS (like astrocytes for CNS). Found mainly in ganglia.
Myelination Membrane of glial cells forms multilayered wrapping around axon. Mostly lipid of cells' plasma membrane/s. Myelin segments separated by nodes of Ranivier (gaps allow sodium to pass through).
Multiple Sclerosis a demyelinating disease causing speed of nerve signal transmission to drastically decrease.
Spinal Cord
Created by: ebmontijo
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