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Unit 1 AP Gov Thing
If there are any questions that should be on there, please let me know.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What did Hobbes argue about? | No government = anarchy |
| What did Locke argue about? | Natural law |
| What did Rousseau argue about? | Social contract |
| What did Montesqieu argue about? | Separation of powers |
| What is popular soverignty? | People as ruling authority |
| Republicanism | People's rights cannot be taken away without consent of governed |
| Limited Government | One kept under control by law, checks/balances, separation of powers |
| Declaration of Independence | Provided moral/legal justification for rebellion |
| How were claims in Independence related to Enlightment? | British king violated natural rights (Locke), justified colonists separation (Locke), used social contract (Rousseau) |
| Who is known as the "Father of the Constitution"? | James Madison |
| Who is included in the Grand Committee? | George Mason, William Patterson, Benjamin Franklin |
| Participatory Democracy | Depends on everyone to vote directly for laws/other matters, unrealistic |
| Pluralist Democracy | Interest groups (factions) persuade policymakers to pass certain laws, everyone gets something from it |
| Hyperpluralist Democracy | Competitive and results in policy gridlock; interest groups could take power away from government |
| Elite Democracy | Elected reprewsentatives makes decisions for people |
| Federalist Papers | 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison |
| Brutus | 16 essays by Anti-Federalist author that has pseudonym Brutus |
| Federalists | Those who supported proposed constitutional structure, a strong federal government, and full ratification |
| Anti-Federalists | Those who opposed consolidation of states under federal government |
| How many states had to ratify the Consitution? | 9 |
| Federalist #10 | Addresses concern about dominating factions |
| Autocratic | Relatin g to a ruler who has absolute power |
| Brutus #1 | Comments about dangers of large/consolidated government |
| What are some states that opposed the Consitution? | Massachusetts, New York, Virginia |
| Articles of Confederation | First form of government in U.S. |
| What were some aspects of the Articles of Confederation? | Delegated few powers to federal govt., states each get 1 vote, national legislation requires 9 votes, unaminous vote to amend Articles, mainly gave powers to states |
| What were the problems with the Articles? | National govt. could not tax, policy gridlock constantly happened, govt. too weak |
| Shays Rebellion | Riot by farmers due to taxes, showed govt. was weak |
| How many states participated in the Annapolis Convention? | 5 (not including Maryland) |
| Virginia Plan | Proposed govt. with executive, judiciary, and bicarmel (two house) legislature branches, made national govt. supreme, authored by James Madison |
| New Jersey Plan | William Patterson's plan to give states their powers, had no national court, each state had one vote in legislative body |
| Great Compromise | Made by Roger Sherman to create two house Congress: House based on population, Senate based on 2 vote equal representation |
| 3/5 Compromise | Counts slave as 3/5 person for House Representation |
| What are compromises were made in the Constituation | Stopped international slave trade from being prohibited for 20 years, required states to extradite escaped slaves, Electoral College, Commerce Compromise (allows govt. to impose tariff on imports and regulate trade between states |
| What relationship did the Articles develop? | Confederal system (Loose gathering of states) |
| Article I | Congress (Legislative Branch) |
| Article II | Executive Branch |
| Ariticle III | Judiciary Branch/Supreme Court |
| Article IV | Relations among states |
| Article V | Amendment process (2/3 vote from both houses or 2/3 of states, ratification from 3/4 of states |
| Article VI | Supremacy Clause |
| Article VII | Amendment proposal process/when Constitution goes into effect |
| Who supported the Bill of Rights? | Anti-Federalists and some pro-Consitution leaders |
| Amendment I | Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, petition |
| Amendment II | Right to bear arms |
| Amendment III | No quartering of troops |
| Amendment IV | No unreasonable searches/seizures |
| Amendment V | Indictment, double jeopardy, protection against crime, due process |
| Amendment VI | Right to fair trial |
| Amendment VII | Lawsuits/juries |
| Amendment VIII | No cruel punishments, excessive fines/bail |
| Amendment IX | Rights not listed reserved to people |
| Amendment X | Powers not delegated to federal govt. go to states |
| Legislative Branch | Consists of 435 House of Representatives and 100 senators to make nation's laws, determine govt. funds, shape foreign policy |
| Executive Branch | Enforces the laws |
| Judiciary Branch | Consists of Supreme Court and lower courts, exercise judicial review to protect rights and check legislature, executive, state actions |
| Federalist #51 | States separation of powers prevent tyranny |
| Checks and Balances | Each branch limits others |
| Veto | President's power to reject bill |
| How can a veto be overcome? | 2/3 override (super majority vote in each house) |
| What does Article I Section 2 state? | House has power to impeach president or other govt. official and Senate must vote by 2/3 majority to remove official |
| Who were impeached but not removed? | Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump |
| Federalism | Sharing of powers between national/state govt. |
| What does Article I Section 8 state? | Powers of Congress including necessary/proper clause (making laws that are necessary and proper) |
| What does Article I Section 9 state? | Powers denied to Congress |
| What does Article I Section 10 state? | Power denied to states |
| Exclusive Powers/Enumerated Powers | Powers delegated only to federal govt. |
| Police Powers | Powers to create/enforce laws on health, safety, morals |
| What are some of the powers federal govt. have? | Crime, national currency, weights and measures, military and diplomatic affairs, international and interstate commerce |
| What are some of the powers states have? | Elections, marriage laws, maintenence of deeds/records, funding of hospitals and clinics, operate schools, incorporate cities/companies |
| What are some concurrent powers? | Levying and collecting taxes, defining crimes, running court systems, improving lands |
| Federal Grant | Addressing national issues with federal dollars |
| Fiscal Federalism | Process of distributing funds |
| What happened with marriage power between federal and state? | Marriage act in 1996 put Article IV in conflict with Amendment 10, Supreme Court with 14th Amendment stating right to same-sex marriage guaranteed, making it federal power |
| Categorical Grants | Grants with particular congressional guidelines or requirements |
| Strings | Conditions of aid |
| What are some examples of categorical grants? | Morrill Land Grant Act (1862), funding road construction in 1916, Great Depression |
| Block Grants | Federal money given to states for broadly defined reasons |
| What are some examples of block grants? | Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (1973), Community Development Block Grant (1974) |
| Mandates | Require states to comply with federal directive, sometimes funded or unfunded |
| What are some examples of mandates? | Clean Air Act, Civil Rights Restoration Act, National Voter Regristration Act, Americans with Disabilities Act |
| Devolution | Return of power to states |
| What are some examples of devolution? | Unfunded Mandates Act, Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act |
| What are some enumerated powers listed on Article I Section 8? | Tax, borrow money, raise army, create postal system, address piracy on seas, immigration/naturalization process |
| What powers were denied to Congress according to Article I Section 9? | Habeas corpus (right to be charged after arrest), bill of attainder (legislative acts declaring crime of someone), create ex post facto laws (making act illegal after one commits crime), tax exports |
| What powers were denied to states according to Article I Section 10 | Entering treaties with other countries, coining money, tax exports |
| 14th Amendment (1868) | Promised U.S. citizenship to anyone born or naturalized in U.S. |
| Which Supreme Court case established national supremacy? | McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) |
| Was the Maryland v. McCulloch decision unaminous? | Yes |
| Which Supreme Court case establish judicial review? | Marbury v. Madison |
| What was the reasoning behind the McCulloch v. Maryland ruling? | Necessary/proper clause, supremacy clause |
| What clause did the Supreme Court use in Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)? | Commerce clause/necessary and proper clause |
| Implied Powers | Powers not listed in Consitution but deriving from necessary/proper clause |
| Commerce Clause | Gives Congress power to regulate commerce |
| Dual Federalism | National government supreme in its sphere, states supreme in their sphere |
| Selective Exclusiveness | A doctrine asserting Congress may regulate only when commodity requires a national uniform rule |
| What is an example of dual federalism? | Industrial Revolution |
| What happened in Hammer v. Dogenhart (1918)? | Court ruled evils of child labor were in sphere of manufacturing, not commerce, so it was outisde congressional authority |
| Which act overturned the Hammer v. Dogenhart decision? | Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) |
| What factors shaped federalism? | Court interpretations, broadening scope of commerce clause, changing societal needs, attitudes in past generations |
| What happened in the United States v. Lopez case? | Supreme Court ruled Congress to not have authority to outlaw guns near schools because they stretched commerce clause power too far and states already had regulations on guns |
| When were times that federalism was in action? | Sharing of power with environmental policymaking, political participation and policymaking with legalizing marijuana |
| Who is known as the conservationist president? | President Roosevelt |
| Brown v. Board of Education (1954) | Supreme Court ruled segregation in public education unconstituional |
| Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965) | Federal funding offered to states that meet requirements of act |
| No Child Left Behind (2002) | Congress states that states have federal supervision for standardized testing |
| Every Student Succeeds Act (2015) | U.S. Congress/ state govts. say student achievement standards kept but accountability returned to states |
| Cooperative Federalism | State governments and national governments work together |
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