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Ch. 7: Bone Notes
Chapter 7 Skeletal System Notes Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three types of skeletal cartilage? | Hyaline, fibrocartilages, and elastic |
| Where is hyaline cartilage found? | It lines your joints and caps the ends of your bones |
| What is the function of hyaline cartilage? | Hyaline cartilage is slippery and smooth which helps your bones move smoothly past each other in your joints. |
| Where is fibrocartilage found? | Fibrocartilage found in the knee and between vertebrae. |
| What is the function of fibrocartilage? | Shock absorber. |
| Where is elastic cartilage found? | Outer ear |
| What is the function of elastic? | Elastic cartilage provides support with moderate elasticity. |
| What is the axial skeleton? | Long axis of body, includes skull, vertebral column, and rib cage |
| What is the appendicular skeleton? | Bones of the limbs, pelvic and pectoral girdles |
| How are bones classified? | Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid (knee caps) |
| What do tendons do? | Joins muscles to bones |
| What do ligaments do? | Joins bones to bones |
| What is cartilage? | Where a bone touches another bone; prevents bone friction |
| Describe compact bone. | Solid, strong and resistant to bending |
| Describe spongy bone | Consist of irregular interconnecting spaces called trabeculae that reduce the weight of the bone, while still providing strength; filled with red or yellow marrow |
| What is a diaphysis? | Forms the long axis (shaft) of the bone; medullary cavity; contains yellow marrow (fat) |
| What is a epiphysis? | Forms the end of the bone; interior contains spongy bone |
| Where is articular cartilage found? | It covers joint surfaces |
| Where and what is the epiphyseal line? | Located between the diaphysis and each epiphysis; It is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate, a disc of hyaline cartilage that grows until adulthood |
| What is a periosteum? | External surface of the entire bone (except joint surfaces) covered with a double-layered membrane |
| What are the layers of the periosteum membrane called? | The fibrous layer is the outside layer; The osteogenic layer is the inside layer and contains osteoblasts and osteocytes |
| How do nerves and blood vessels enter the bone? | Nutrient foramen |
| What is a endosteum? | Internal bone surfaces; covers trabeculae, lines canals passing through bone |
| What is an osteon? | An osteon is a group of elongated, hollow tubes of bone matrix (lamellae) oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone |
| What is a lamellae? | Each tube in an osteon |
| What is Haversian (central) canal? | Core of each osteon containing small blood vessels and nerves |
| What is a perforating (Volkmann's) canals? | Lie at right angles to Haversian canals; connect blood vessels and nerves from periosteum |
| What is lacunae? | Small cavities where lamellae meet; contain osteocytes |
| What is canaliculi? | Hair-like canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal |
| What is interstitial lamellae? | Fill in gaps between osteons |
| What is circumferential lamellae? | Under periosteum; makes up the circumference of the diaphysis to prevent twisting |
| How is trabeculae arranged? | They align along lines of stress |
| How does nutrients reach osteocytes? | Nutrients reach osteocytes through canaliculi from endosteum |
| What are the organic components of bone? | Cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, etc.), osteoid (organic part of the bone matrix) |
| What are the inorganic components of bone? | Mineral salts; largely calcium phosphates |
| What is intramembranous ossification? | Bone that develops from a fibrous membrane; forms most bones in the skull and the clavicles (flat bones) |
| What is endochondral ossification? | Replacement of hyaline cartilage; bone tissue replaces existing cartilage model |
| List the steps of intramembranous ossification. | Step 1 - An ossification center is formed within connective tissue Step 2 - Bone matrix is secreted within the fibrous membrane Step 3 - Trabeculae and periosteum is formed Step 4 - Compact bone is formed and red bone marrow appears |
| List the steps of endochondral ossification. | Step 1 - Formation of bony collar around hyaline cartilage model Step 2 - Formation of primary center of ossification Step 3 - Formation of spongy bone Step 4 - Formation of medullary cavity Step 5 - Ossification of epiphysis |
| What is endochondral growth? | Growth of cartilage that is eventually replaced by bone; epiphyseal plates (osteoblasts) and remodeling (osteoclasts) |
| What is appositional growth? | Increase in the diameter of long bones, most bones in other bone types; osteoblast activity beneath periosteum, osteoclast activity at endosteum |
| Where does bone resorption and bone deposit occur (in adults)? | Bone resorption and bone deposit occur at the periosteal and endosteal surface |
| When does bone depositing occur? | Bone deposits occur where a bone is injured, or added strength is required; osteoblasts lay down bone matrix |
| When does bone resorption occur? | Bone resorption occurs on a regular basis to supply the body with nutrients; osteoclasts break down bone matrix |
| What factors affect bone development, growth, and repair? | Vitamins(D, A, C), minerals, hormones (growth, thyroid, sex), physical stress |
| List the steps of bone repair. | Step 1 - Hematoma formation (blood clot) Step 2 - Fibrocartilaginous callus formation (soft callus) Step 3 - Bony or hard callus formation, spongy bone is reformed Step 4 - Bone is remodeling, compact bone forms |
| What is osteomalacia? | Bones are inadequately mineralized causing soft bones. Calcium bones are not deposited. |
| What are rickets? | Occurs in children when bones are not adequately mineralized. Epiphyseal plates are not calcified; causes bowed legs, deformities of the pelvis, skull, and ribcage. |
| What is osteoporosis? | Bones resorption outpaces bone deposition. Bone mass is reduced, bone becomes porous and lighter. Spongy bone of the spine is most vulnerable. |
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bbrdd
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