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Civ Unit 2 Test
pain. pain and suffering.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hesiod | poet during the Greek Dark Ages who wrote "Theogony" and "Works and Days" about ethics and Greek gods |
| Peisistratus | Athenian tyrannical ruler who was seen as democratic and removed power from aristocrats |
| hoplite | Greek citizen soldiers who fought for their polis |
| Philip II of Macedon | Macedonian king who built up the army and expanded political power of Macedonian kings in Balkans |
| Herodotus | Ionian Greek scholar who wrote "The History of The Persian Wars" |
| Thucydides | Athenian scholar who was an excommander of troops in Peloponnesian War who wrote "History of the Peloponnesian War" |
| Euclid | Hellenistic mathemetician who wrote "Elements" and discovered principles of geometry |
| Socrates | Greek philosopher who questioned Athenian tradition and taught using the Socratic Method |
| Eratosthenes | Hellenistic geographer and mathematician who managed the library of Alexandria, and calculated the circumference of Earth |
| Archimedes | Hellenistic mathematician, engineer, and scientist from Sicily; established pi, geometry of cylinders and spheres; invented war machines, levers, pulleys, and discovered buoyancy |
| Ovid | Roman poet, wrote "The Art of Love" and "The Metamorphoses" about seducing women and mythology |
| Horace | Roman poet, wrote "The Epistles" about simple pleasures of life, and "The Satires" about critiquing people using lyrical poems |
| Scipio Africanus | Roman general who helped Rome conquer Spain and defeated Hannibal at the Battle of Zama Iberia |
| Paul of Tarsus | Hellenized Roman Jew, turned Christianity into distinct religious movement, continued the preaching of Jesus, wrote letters that were later added to the New Testament in the Bible |
| Romulus | son of Mars, was raised by a wolf with his brother Remus, killed his brother and founded Rome |
| Pompey | powerful Roman general under the leadership of Sulla, used his war victories to gain political fame |
| Crassus | powerful Roman general who suppressed Italian slave revolt led by Spartacus, worked with Pompey to gain his own political goals |
| Nero | crazy Roman emperor who had the ones closest to him murdered, persecuted Christians after a fire destroyed a large section of Rome |
| Praetorian Guard | August's elite soldier bodyguards |
| Minoans | earliest civilization of Aegean region on island of Crete; thriving maritime civilization, urban city of Knossos; had an alphabet named Linear A; conquered by the Mycenaeans |
| Solon | democratic reformer who ended a lot of debt |
| oligarchy | government system ruled by groups of elites with access to economic wealth, cultural power, and/or social prestige |
| agora | open space in a polis |
| acropolis | an elevated place in a polis where temples and public monuments were built |
| Sophocles | most successful Athenian tragedian; wrote "Oedipus the King" and "Antigone", focused on suffering in physical world |
| Menander | Athenian playwrite who wrote over 100 comedic plays |
| Plato | student of Socrates; formed a school called Academy; had his theory of forms; criticized democracy |
| Aristarchus | Hellenistic scientist who formed the heliocentric theory |
| Epicureanism | Athenian school of thought established by Epicurus; rejected idea of afterlife, believed personal happiness was the goal of life, believed happiness could be reached by living morally and withdrawing from public service |
| Cicero | Roman philosopher who wrote "On Duties" and "On Old Age", about morality and inevitable death |
| Theodosius I | Roman Emperor who prosecuted non-Christians, made Christianity the official religion of Rome, and gave huge funding to Christian churches |
| Hannibal Barca | crossed the Alps with a large army and greatly defeated Rome in the Battle of Cannae |
| Jesus of Nazareth | preacher who was claimed to be the son of God and messiah, was crucified and people claimed he rose from the dead |
| patricians | Roman aristocrats who had privileged political status |
| Julius Caesar | Roman emperor/consul/dictator who formed the First Triumverate and was later assissnated by "The Liberators of the Roman State" |
| Marc Antony | friend of Caesar's, joined Octavian's Second Triumverate, Cleopatra's lover, defeated by Octavian at Actium |
| Marcus Aurelius | Roman philosopher emperor, had long campaigns in defense of Roman Empire on Danube and Rhine River, wrote "The Meditations" |
| legions | Roman well trained, flexible military units |
| Mycenaeans | conquered Minoans; had an alphabet called Linear B; very warlike society |
| Cleisthenes | political reformer; created the deme system, political participation qualification changed to depending on where you live instead of wealth |
| tyranny | government system ruled by 1 person who uses wealth, political dealmaking, and violence to obtain power |
| asty | urban district of a polis |
| chora | countryside surrounding a polis |
| Aeschylus | first well-known Greek tragedy writer, wrote "Oresteia", a poem that followed the decline of a powerful family mentioned by Homer |
| Pericles | oversaw golden age of Hellenistic culture |
| Aristotle | Plato's student, created a school called "Lyceum", thought all phenomenon in observable universe has 4 causes (material, formal, efficient, final), believed happiness could be gained from arete |
| Hippocrates | created the "4 Humors Theory", 4 liquids in body: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlem |
| Stoicism | school of thought founded by Zeno of Citium; believed humans should live virtuously and kindly; believed people should only worry about things in their control |
| Livy | Roman historian, wrote "Ab Urbe Condite" which celebrated Republican virtue |
| Constantine | Roman emperor who converted to Christianity, made Rome more open to Christianity, reunified Roman empire after Diocletian |
| Etruscans | ruled Rome in 500s BCE, built civic centers, roads, temples, and markets; introduced Gladitorial Games, and developed Greek alphabet |
| Octavian | Caesar's adopted son, formed Second Triumvirate, turned against Lepidus and Marc Antony |
| plebians | non-aristocratic who were free Roman citizens but lacked political power |
| Struggle of the Orders | when Roman politics were greatly reformed, patricians vs. plebians |
| Trajan | led Roman legions to victory against the Dacians and Parthians; created social wellfare programs; built new forum and marketplace; considered greatest emperor of Rome |
| Hellenization | Greek culture flourishing and spreading influence |
| Homer | Greek poet who wrote "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey" |
| Draco | Greek political reformer, wrote first law code for Athens, extremely harsh ruler |
| democracy | system of government in which political power is derived from the people and common citizens participate in politics |
| helot | Greek slaves that come from impoverished regions |
| Ecclesia | a Greek group who could ostracize bad Greek leaders |
| Euripides | Greek author, wrote "Medea" and "Trojan Women"; criticized traditional Greek morality and religion |
| Arestophanes | comedic playwriter in Classical Greece, criticized philosophers and Greek gender roles, wrote "The Clouds" |
| Sophists | philosophers who focused on politics, language, and human nature; believed politics studies could lead to past; thought down on as manipulators |
| Pre-Socratics | group of Greek philosophers who initiated seeking of rational and material explanations for phenomena |
| Virgil | Roman poet who wrote "Georgics" and "Aeneid"; friend of Augustus |
| Tiberius Gracchus | attempted to reform state by distributing excess land to poor, lowering grain costs, going against Senatorial advice |
| Seneca | Roman politician, philosopher, tutor of Nero, wrote "The Moral Letters to Lucilius" |
| Tacitus | Roman historian, wrote "The Annals", "The Histories", and "Germania" |
| patron/client relations | relations between political alliances; clients pledged political support to patrons, who provided wellfare to clients |
| consul | 2 Roman annually elected officials, chief executives who led Roman troops in combat |
| tribune | people who could veto consul decisions that threatened Roman rights |
| Senate | Roman council of elders of about 300 men who served for life; no power to press laws but could give advice, had great influence over decisions |
| Hadrian | Roman emperor who built aqueducts, roads, and Hadrian's wall in England |
| Marius | allied with the Populares, ignored political term limits, reformed military by recruiting landless men and promising land in exchange of service |
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