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Packet #4: Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the skin and its derivatives make up? | a set of organs |
| What is the function of the skin and its derivatives? | mostly protective |
| What does Integument mean? | covering |
| What is the heaviest organ? | skin |
| How much does skin cover and weight? | 10 square feet and weights 10 pounds |
| How many regions of skin is there? | 3 |
| What are the names of the layers of skin? | epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis |
| Where is the edpidermis? | top layer |
| Where is the dermis? | middle layer |
| Where is the hypodermis? | deepest layer of skin |
| What are keratinocytes? | most prominent cell in the skin |
| What does keratinocytes contain? | keratin |
| What does keratin do? | makes the skin's "waterproofing" protein |
| Which way does keratinocytes move? | from the bottom of the epidermis to the free surface (dying along the way) |
| What are melanocytes? | specialized cells the secrete melanin |
| What does melanin do? | give the skin its varying shades of tan to brown |
| How many melanocytes are pale vs brown people born with? | everyone is born with the same number of melanocytes |
| Where are melanocytes found? | deep in the epidermis |
| What are melanocytes stimulated by? | ultraviolet light |
| Where are merkel cells found in the skin? | deepest layer of the epidermis of hairless portions of the skin |
| Where are merkel cells found on the body? | palms of the hands and soles of the feet |
| Where do langerhans cells come from? | bone marrow |
| What do langerhans cells do? | function in the immune response and phagocytosis |
| What is phagocytosis? | eating of the cell |
| What are the layers of epidermis comprised of? | stratified squamous epithelium |
| How long does it take for a new skin cell to reach the top of the epidermis, die and shed? | 2 to 4 weeks |
| What is the stratum basale also called? | germinativum |
| How many layers of stratum basale is in contact with the dermis? | 1 |
| What does it mean to be constantly pushing new cells toward the surface? | mitotically active |
| What is the order of the layers of the epidermis? | basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum |
| Where is the stratum spinosum located? | above the stratum basale |
| What does stratum spinosum look like? | several layers of "spindled-shaped" fibers |
| What type of active is stratum spinosum? | metabolically active, but not very mitotically active |
| What do stratum granulosum cells look like? | flattened cells |
| What does stratum granulosum cells contain? | granules of a keratin precursor |
| What does stratum granulosum undergo? | the process of keratinization |
| What is the process of keratinization? | filling with keratin to become a tough, impermeable bag of keratin and not much else |
| Where does cell death occur? | stratum granulosum |
| What are stratum lucidum? | dead cells filled with keratin with no functional nucleus or organelles |
| Where is the stratum lucidum found? | only found in the palms and soles |
| Where is the stratum corneum located? | outermost layer of the skin |
| What do stratum corneum cells look like? | flattened, scale-like cells |
| How many layers thick is the stratum corneum? | usually 25-35 layers thick |
| What layer of the skin acts as the real "protector"? | stratum corneum |
| What layer of the skin makes up finger prints? | stratum lucidum |
| What layer of the skin is strong but flexible? | dermis |
| What do cells in the dermis contain? | fibroblast and macrophages |
| What do the fibers in dermis cells contain? | collagen, elastic and reticular fibers |
| What are some other things found in the dermis? | nerve fibers, sensory receptors, blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat and oil glands |
| What are the layers of the dermis? | papillary and reticular |
| Where is the papillary layer? | the top quarter of the dermis |
| Where does the papillary layer get its name from? | the fold on its top called papillae |
| What are the papillae projections responsible for? | the formation of cleavage |
| Where is the reticular layer found? | bottom three quarters of the dermis |
| What does the reticular layer contain? | bundles of fibers in varying densities |
| What do the bundles of fibers produce? | cleavage lines in the skin of the trunk |
| What are the lines that form on the skin of the truck called? | flexure lines |
| What is does a tear in the reticular layer form? | striae or linea albicans |
| What is striae or linea albicans also called? | stretch marks |
| What is the hypodermis made up of? | adipose tissue |
| What does the hypodermis do? | anchors the skin to underlying muscles, bones and organs |
| What does the hypodermis act as? | energy reserve, an insulator, and protector |
| What do hair and hair follicles consist of? | heavily keratinized cells, shaft above the epidermis, and a root that anchors the hair to the skin |
| What is the hair and hair follicles covered by? | scales called cuticles |
| What are the root flares out into bulb surrounded by? | hair follicle |
| What does the hair follicle contain? | nerves and blood vessels |
| What is the muscle that moves the hair called? | arrector pili muscle |
| What is associated with the arrector pili muscle? | goose bumbs |
| How is your hair colored determined? | the melanocytes in the hair papilla |
| What happens when your hair turns gray or white? | there is no more pigment being produced |
| How is hair growth determined? | occurs in cycles |
| What is the cycle of hair growth? | active phase and inactive phase |
| How long does active phase last? | years to just months |
| Where on the body does active cycle for years take place? | scalp |
| Where on the body does active cycle for months take place? | arms and legs |
| How long does the inactive phase last? | a month or so |
| When the active phase starts again, what happens? | the active phase starts growing a new hair and pushes out the old one |
| What is hair growth controlled by? | hormones like testosterone, also sex and age |
| What are the different types of hair? | terminal and vellus |
| What is terminal hair? | dark and course hair |
| What is an example of terminal hair? | scalp and beard |
| What is vellus hair? | light and fine hair |
| What is an example of vellus hair? | cheek bones in adults |
| What are nails made of? | scale-like modifications of the epidermis |
| What do nails contain? | lots of keratin |
| Where are nails found? | distal ends of fingers and toes |
| What do nails do? | help protect the ends of fingers and toes |
| What are the types of sudoriferous glands? | eccrine (merocrine), apocrine, and ceruminous |
| Where are eccrine glands located? | over the entire surface of the body |
| What do eccrine glands do? | temperature regulation |
| Where are apocrine glands located? | axillary and genital regions |
| What do the apocrine glands do? | activated at puberty; times of stress, excitement, and anxiety |
| Where are ceruminous glands located? | only in the ears |
| What do the ceruminous glands do? | produces cerumen (ear wax) |
| What are sebaceous glands associated with? | hair follicles |
| What do sebaceous glands do? | secrete an oily substance called sebum |
| What does sebum do? | helps make the hair soft and shiny and the skin soft and pliable |
| What is acne? | the result of inflammation of the sebaceous gland? |
| What are the epidermal derivatives? | hair, sweat glands, and oil glands |
| What are the dermal derivatives | blood vessels, arrector pili muscle, and sensory receptors |
| What is the function of the Integumentary system? | protection, thermoregulation, excretion, sensory reception, vitamin synthesis, and acts as a blood reservoir |
| What is protection? | provides barrier against abrasion, infection, poisons, and problems with thermoregulation |
| What does your acid mantel (sebum) do? | keeps levels of bacteria down |
| What is the skins pH? | 4.5 to 5 |
| What is the Meissner's corpuscles? | touch receptor |
| What is the Pacinian corpuscles? | pressure receptor |
| What is the root hair plexuses? | senses movement of hair |
| free (bare) nerve endinds | senses heat at the top of dermis and senses cold at the bottom of dermis |
| What does cholesterol and ultraviolet light produce? | vitamin D |
| Why must vitamin synthesis be present? | to allow calcium to be absorbed from the diet |
| How much blood does the integumentary system hold? | about 5% of the body's blood at one time |
| What color does the skin turn during shock or hemorrhage? | pale |
| What is an example of a first degree burn? | sunburn |
| What are the characteristics of a first degree burn? | damages only the epidermis, localized pain and redness |
| How long does it take to heal a first degree burn? | days |
| What is an example of a second degree burn? | burning your finger on a stove |
| What are the characteristics of a second degree burn? | damages epidermis and upper dermis, redness, pain and blisters |
| How long does it take to heal a second degree burn? | several weeks |
| What is an example of a third degree burn? | severe enough burn to require a skin graft |
| What are the characteristics of a third degree burn? | all three layers of skin damaged or destroyed, numbness in the area, infection/dehydration may develop |
| How long does it take to heal a third degree burn? | years, will not return to normal |
| What is an example of a benign tumor? | wart |
| What is special about a malignant tumor? | it can spread to other parts of your body |
| What are the three types of skin cancer? | basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma |
| What is basal cell carcinoma? | most common, least malignant |
| Where does basal cell carcinoma invade? | dermis and hypodermis |
| How is basal cell carcinoma cured? | surgical excision |
| What is the second most common form of skin cancer? | squamous cell carcinoma |
| Where is squamous cell carcinoma found? | areas on the body with high sun exposure |
| What layer of the epidermis does squamous cell carcinoma arise from? | stratum spinosum |
| Is squamous cell carcinoma curable? | metastasizes quickly, but it is curable if caught early |
| What is the most deadly type of skin cancer? | malignant melanoma |
| What part of the skin does malignant melanoma affect? | melanocytes |
| What does malignant melanoma cover? | blood and lymph vessels |
| How quickly does malignant melanoma spread? | very very quickly |
| What is the ABCDE rule? | A- Asymmetry B- Border C- Color D- Diameter E- Elevation |
| What do they look for with Asymmetry? | sides do not match |
| What do they look for with Border? | border is not round |
| What do they look for with Color? | black to brown to red |
| What do they look for with Diameter? | greater than 6mm |
| What do they look for with Elevation? | raised about the skin surface |
| How do they measure how much of someone is burned? | rule of nines |
Created by:
ppinion
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