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Absolutism
AP Euro Study
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Absolutism | the principle of complete and unrestricted government power; monarch (typically male) holds absolute power; dominates religion |
| Intendants | royal official appointed to enforce the king’s policies in a particular region |
| Royalists | backers of Charles I |
| James I | absolute monarch; objects the power of Parliament; Puritans opposed him because of the "episcopal model"; Catholics try to murder him |
| Charles I | absolute monarch; son of James I; refuses Petition of Right and forces Anglican Book of Prayer on Calvinists; marries a Catholic |
| Petition of Right | 1628 - stops the King from collecting new taxes without the consent of Parliament |
| Triennial Act | 1641 - during the reign of Charles I; requires the monarch to call Parliament regularly |
| Parliamentarians | people backing Parliament during the English civil war |
| Oliver Cromwell | led the New Model Army of Parliamentarians in the English Civil War; captures and beheads Charles I; makes England a republic and a Puritan protectorate; suppresses Catholics, censors press, breaks up Anglican Church |
| English Puritans | English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to purify the Church of England of Roman Catholic practices |
| Test Act | ensures only Anglicans can hold office |
| William of Orange | Protestant son-in-law of James II; Parliament calls him to invade England and be on the throne to oppose James II and Catholicism |
| Mary | William of Orange's wife; daughter of James II; Parliament calls her and William to invade England and be on the throne to oppose James II and Catholicism |
| Glorious Revolution | 1688 - when William of Orange and Mary invade England and take the throne opposing James II |
| Revolution Settlement | settles "King vs Parliament"; affirms William as king if he agrees with the Bill of Rights |
| English Bill of Rights | 1689 - forces William of Orange to rule with the cooperation of Parliament; gave Parliament power over the monarchy |
| Toleration Act | 1689 - allows Puritans to worship freely but not Catholics; but both can't hold high office positions |
| Constitutionalism | is being ruled by basic standards and ideals which are consistent with an overriding rule of law or ethics |
| Mercantilism | belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism |
| Protectorate | a state that is controlled and protected by another |
| Johannes Vermeer | a Dutch Baroque Period painter who specialized in domestic interior scenes of middle-class life; believed in the importance of light perspective |
| J.S. Bach | German composer and musician of the late Baroque period |
| Restoration | the return of a hereditary monarch to a throne, a head of state to government, or a regime to power |
| Cardinal Richelieu | French chief minister; power behind the throne of King Louis XIII; limited power of the nobility (especially Huguenots) |
| Cardinal Mazarin | French chief minister; had assumed authority while King Louis XIV was a child; limited the power of nobility by crushing the Fronde |
| Fronde | a series of noble revolts against the monarchy |
| King Louis XIV | "Sun King"; realizes absolutism in France + reduces power of nobility by moving Palace Of Versailles outside of Paris which kept the nobles close and under his control |
| Palace of Versailles | royal residency built by King Louis XIV to control power of nobility; intended to awe nobles of glory and power; had rituals to distract nobles |
| Edict of Fontainebleu | prohibits Protestants to practice freely; lets Louis XIV control political power because some powerful nobles were Huguenots |
| Jean-Baptiste Colbert | Louis XIV's most trusted adviser; finance minister; develops a mercantilist economic policy that boosts trade in France; helps develop a French manufacturing company |
| King Louis XIII | reserved and relied on his chief ministers (Cardinal Richelieu) ; him and the cardinal limited power of the nobility; expanded bureaucracy and increased the taille (tax) |
| Prussia | made up of two states; small state now as northeastern Germany and Prussia; non-contiguous; difficult to defend; ruled by Hohenzollern dynasty |
| 30 Years' War | impacted Prussia economically and lost 50% of their population |
| Frederick William | "the Great Elector"; Prussian ruler at the end of the 30 Years' War; NOT absolute monarch but laid foundation; created strong standing army; |
| Junkers | Prussian nobles |
| Frederick William I | son of the Great Elector; made Prussia an independent militaristic, absolutist state |
| Divine Right | the right of a sovereign to rule as set forth by the theory of government that holds that a monarch receives the right to rule directly from God and not from the people |
| Ivan the Terrible | names himself Tsar (emperor); crushes power of the boyars (russian nobility); dies without heir which makes member of Romanov to be Tsar |
| Peter the Great | part of Romanov family who took throne after Ivan the Terrible died; "westernized" Russia; built western style army + navy; organized Table of Ranks |
| Table of Ranks | list of all of the positions within the military and government; required landholding nobles to serve in military or bureaucracy; allowed non-nobles to become noble |
| Republic | a form of government in which elected representatives make laws for the people whom they represent |
| "Dutch Golden Age" | Dutch's prosperity, freedom, and flowering of cultur; provided an alternative to absolutism, economic prosperity, relative religious toleration, “Golden age” of artists and thinkers |
| Peace of Westphalia | made the Dutch Republic independent from Spain |
| Stadholder | a leader in the Dutch Republic who was responsible for defense and order and represented the province in the States General |
| Regent | governed a province |
| States General | responsible for conducting foreign affairs and other policy that affected the entire Dutch Republic |
| The Dutch East India Company | protect the state's trade in the Indian Ocean and to assist in the Dutch war of independence from Spain |
| Dutch Realism | the art of the Dutch Golden Age; opposed Counter-Reformation art; small scale paintings only; celebrated the ordinary; realist style (representation of light); inspired by scripture |
| War of the Spanish Succession | the first world war of modern times' with major campaigns fought in Spain, Italy, Germany, Italy as well as at sea. It was triggered by the death in 1700 of the childless Habsburg King Charles II of Spain |
| The Instrument Government | first written constitution adopted by a modern state; attempted to provide a legal basis for government after the parliamentary failures in the wake of the English Civil Wars |
| Giani Bernini | Italian artist who was perhaps the greatest sculptor of the 17th century and an outstanding architect as well |
| Rembrandt van Rijn | a Dutch Golden Age painter, printmaker and draughtsman. An innovative and prolific master in three media, he is generally considered one of the greatest visual artists in the history of art and the most important in Dutch art history |
| Peter Paul Rubens | a Flemsh artist in the Southern Netherlands; the most influential artist of the Flemish Baroque traditions; his art has aspects of classical and Christian history |
| Baroque Art | arose during the Counter-Reformation; emphasized emotion and power; lush, realistic bodies; Chiaroscuro |
| Gustavus Adolphus | often regarded as one of the greatest military commanders in modern history, with use of an early form of combined arms; was King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632, and is credited for the rise of Sweden as a great European power |
| Gunpowder Plot | James I almost assassinated by radical Catholic guy Fawkes |
| Rump Parliament | created by Oliver Cromwell when he seizes control of Parliament and kicks out the moderates; creates smaller Parliament who beheads Charles I |
| Charles VI of Austria | was Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy from 1711 until his death; he unsuccessfully claimed the throne of Spain following the death of his relative, Charles II |
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