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Skeletal Tissue 1
Skeletal Tissue Part 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cartilage | Flexible elastic material that is the forerunner of most bones; covers many joint surfaces of mature bone |
| Ligaments | Hold bones together at joints |
| Tendons | Structure that attaches muscle to bone |
| Support | One of the functions of the skeletal system; holds up the body, and supports muscles and teeth |
| Protection | One of the functions of the skeletal system; shields organs from external damage |
| Movement | One of the functions of the skeletal system; helps to move the limbs, with breathing, and action of the muscle on bone |
| Electrolyte balance | One of the functions of the skeletal system; stores calcium and phosphate ions |
| Acid-base balance | One of the functions of the skeletal system; buffers blood against excessive pH changes by releasing or absorbing salts |
| Blood Formation | One of the functions of the skeletal system; red blood cells are produced in red bone marrow |
| Osseous tissue | Connective tissue with the matrix hardened by calcium phosphate and other minerals |
| Mineralization/calcification | The hardening process of bone |
| Flat bones | Curved, wide and thin bones that protect soft organs |
| Long bones | Bones longer than they are wide that act as levers to help move the body |
| Short bones | Bones equal in length and width that glide across one another in multiple directions |
| Irregular bones | Bones with a specific shape that serve a specialized purpose |
| Compact bone | Dense bone that serves as a bone's outer shell |
| Diaphysis | The shaft of a long bone; provides leverage |
| Medullary cavity | Marrow cavity of long bone; space in diaphysis that contains bone marrow |
| Epiphyses | The enlarged ends of a long bone; strengthens joint and attaches ligaments and tendons |
| Spongy (cancellous) bone | Highly vascularized porous bone that contains marrow and balances the dense compact bone |
| Articular cartilage | Layers of hyaline cartilage that covers joint surface where one bone meets another, reducing friction between joints |
| Nutrient foramina | Small holes in the bone surface that allows blood vessels to penetrate |
| Periosteum | External sheath that covers bone except where there is articular cartilage |
| Fibrous layer | The outer layer of the periosteum made of collagen |
| Sharpey fibers | Outer collagen fibers that penetrate into the bone matrix, continuous with the tendons |
| Osteogenic layer | Inner layer of periosteum composed of bone forming cells |
| Endosteum | Thin layer of reticular connective tissue lining marrow cavity; has cells that dissolve osseous tissue and others that deposit it |
| Epiphyseal plate | Growth plate; area of hyaline cartilage that separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis |
| Epiphyseal line | Bony scar in adults where growth plate used to be |
| Diploe | Spongy layer of bone in the cranium that acts to absorb shock |
| Osteogenic cells | Stem cells found in the endosteum, periosteum, and in central canals that produce new osteoblasts |
| Osteoblasts | Bone forming, nonmitotic cells that line up as a single layer of cells under endosteum and periosteum; synthesizes soft organic matter of matrix which then hardens by mineral deposition |
| Osteocalcin | A hormone secreted by osteoblasts that stimulates insulin secretion of pancreas and increases insulin sensitivity in adipocytes |
| Osteocytes | Osteoblasts that have been trapped in the matrix they have deposited |
| Lacunae | Tiny cavities where osteocytes reside |
| Canaliculi | Little channels that connect lacunae |
| Cytoplasmic processes | Processes that reach into canaliculi |
| Osteoclasts | Bone dissolving cells found on the bone surface; they arise from the stem cells that give rise to blood cells and are a fusion of several stem cells |
| Ruffled border | The side of the osteoclast facing the bone surface; increases resorption efficiency |
| Resorption bays | Howship lacunae; pits on surface of bone where osteoclasts reside |
| Remodeling | Results from combined action of osteoclasts and osteoblasts |
| Organic matter | Makes up 1/3 of osseous tissue matrix and is synthesized by osteoblasts (collagen, protein, etc.) |
| Inorganic matter | Makes up 2/3 of osseous tissue matrix and is composed of minerals like calcium |
| Rickets | Soft bones due to deficiency of calcium salts in childhood or vitamin D deficiency |
| Osteogenisis imperfecta | Brittle bones due to lack of protein and collagen |
| Spicules | Delicate slivers of bone, found in spongy bone |
| Trabeculae | Thin plates of spongy bone |
| Red bone marrow | Found in spaces of spongy bone; forms red blood cells and is found in the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of pelvic girdle, and proximal heads of humerus and femur |
| Yellow marrow | Fatty marrow that no longer produces blood |
| Ossification/Osteogenesis | Formation of bone |
| Intramembranous ossification | Process that produces flat bones of skull and most of the clavicle, where mesenchymal cells become osteoblasts and develop bone from the ground up |
| Endochondral Ossification | Process that produces long bones; mesenchyme develops into hyaline cartilage that slowly becomes replaced by bone and is slowly vascularized |
Created by:
Rylyn27463
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