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CLST102: Test 1
Intro to Greek Civilization Week 1-3 Test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hellenistic World | the land of the greek people as they spread away from the mainland |
| Alexander the Great | a macedonian leader who controlled greece |
| Oral Tradition | the original form of their myths and histories before the invention of writing |
| Invention of Writing | 8th century; only used to record laws, decrees, and other things they believed would be relevant |
| Cycladic | the islands of greece |
| Minoan | crete |
| Mycenaean | the main part of the land; mycenae |
| King Minos | known in legend for his naval power and the legend of the minotaur |
| Knossos | likely the economic center of crete; the winding floorplan probably inspired the story of the minotaur |
| Linear A | the language used in crete; still undeciphered; used the same symbols as ancient greek |
| Indo-European Languages | cover a huge territory/variety of languages but all have commonalities between them; linear b is one |
| Tholos Tombs | huge, beehive shaped tombs |
| Megarons | huge rooms with fire pits and tile floors; a feature of mycenaean palaces |
| Micheal Ventris | deciphered linear b in 1952 |
| The Dark Ages | following the collapse of mycenae; saw the disappearance of many form of elite culture, including writing |
| Phoenician Alphabet | used in athen's new language; much easier to understand because it had less characters and a set order; syllabic |
| "To Whoever Dances Most Delicately" | the first full sentence of writing found; the line on a wine jug given as a prize in a dancing competition |
| Ilion | troy |
| The Iliad | meaning the song of ilion/troy; written by homer; follows achilles and his rage/pride and the destruction it causes |
| Ariados | poet-singers who performed at festivals |
| Hipparchus | a tyrant of athens who had the iliad and odyssey recited in full in 522 bce |
| The Homeric Wars | the trojan war; for a long time believed to be complete fantasy |
| Heinrich Schliemann | an archeologist who discovered remains of the trojan war |
| Ulysses | roman name for odysseus |
| The Odyssey | follows the struggles of odysseus trying to return home to his family from war; written by homer |
| Odysseus' Protector | athena |
| Attica/Attike | a large peninsula that contained athens and it's entire territory (the farms and towns around it) |
| Hesiod | a significant writer on athens; 700 bce; a major source on early agriculture |
| The Pantheon | all the gods |
| Gods' Lives | they are not external (exist separate to this world) or eternal (have always existed), but they are immortal (cannot die) |
| Mount Olympus | a mountain in northern greece; it was believed that the gods lived there |
| Olympians | the children of the titans; named for mount olympus; there are 12 olympians |
| Myth | muthos; meaning utterance or story; greeks did not believe they were factual events |
| Helen | wife of menelaus or sparta; kidnapped by paris and aphrodite as part of his prize, this is the inciting incident in the trojan war |
| Eris | goddess of strife and discord; angered by not being invited to the wedding of thetis and peleus, she caused the judgement of paris |
| The Judgement of Paris | paris is asked to make a decision about which goddess is the most fair after a golden apple is given to them: hera promises great power athena promises military strength aphrodite promises the most beautiful woman (helen) |
| Pandora | the first woman on earth; created by the gods |
| Mind of a Dog | also translated to mind of a bitch; means being greedy and always begging; pandora was said to have this |
| Pandora's Box/Jar | she opens a jar and releases all the illnesses and evils into the world; hope remained in the jar |
| Prometheus | meaning forethought; he is a titan who tricked zeus and gifted fire to the mortals |
| Epimetheus | meaning afterthought; he is a titan who accepted pandora as a gift and curses the mortals with woman |
| Pythia | the oracle of delphi; one of the most influential and well-known oracles in history; sat on a tripod and held a laurel branch |
| Prophetti | the people who interpreted/wrote down all of the oracles to give to those who had inquired |
| Divination | the art of getting knowledge through omens; could be done by regular people or seers |
| Oracles of the Dead | were very rare because death made people hesitant, but also sometimes necessary because the dead know much more than we did |
| Magic | magic was different from religion because it was not meant to be for the common good of your community and would sometimes hurt others in your community |
| Circe | also called kirke; a famous sorceress who turned men into pigs |
| Medeia | a famous sorceress who killed a king to bring jason (her lover) to power |
| Dike | justice according to the established rules of humans; did not affect the gods |
| Kosmos | the ordered world; affected the gods when it was disturbed |
| Time | honour and respect for the gods; what the gods demanded of humans |
| Asebes | without piety; someone who transgressed against the will of the gods would this and could expect punishment |
| Erinyes | the furies in latin; the personification of guilt |
| Miasma | the pollution, often of a community after a homicide was committed |
| Animal Sacrifice | a performance that represented and renovated the relationship with the gods; procedure was required to distinguish it from an act of violence |
| Libation | the act of pouring liquids directly on the altar as an offering; mainly used wine, milk, honey, or blood |
| Holochaust | whole burnt; sacrifice when the whole animal was destroyed |
| Hero Cults | funerary cults of famous figures |
| Human Sacrifice | only happened in myths and was banned in greek ritual; the lesson was always that there would be horrible repercussions |
| Katharma | the purified place; required ritual purification after certain events |
| Supplication | used when in a totally hopeless situation to beg for help from a person or god; the gods would be very angry if it was denied |
| Zeus Hikesios | the protector of suppliants |
| Kylon | attempted a coup sometimes after 640 bce; this is the first event we know about in the political sphere of athens |
| Alkmeondai | somes of alkmeon; a controversial family whose ancestors killed the participants of kylon's coup |
| Herodotos | historian; narrated the persian wars; not athenian |
| Thucydides | historian; wrote about the time between the persian war and into the start of the peloponnesian war |
| Pentekontaetia | the peloponnesian war, between athens and sparta |
| Xenophon | historian; picked up writing where thucydides left off during the peloponnesian war |
| Atthides | accounts of early athens |
| First Signs of Occupation in Athens | isn't until the neolithic era |
| Mycenaean Palaces | popped up around 1500 in mainland greece |
| Palace Societies | communities where the communities were centered around the palace; we don't actually know anything about their political structure |
| Acropolis/Akropolis | the upper city of athens, where the parthenon is |
| Hellespont | modern day turkey; near troy |
| Aegean | greece and the mediterranean |
| Epics | long form poetry that recorded the oral histories |
| Geometric Period | refers to a style of pottery that spread over attica from around 1000 to 700 |
| Polis (pl. Poleis) | independent settlements and their surrounding areas; regularly translated to city-state; often close together but geographically separate |
| Etesians | the gusts of cool wind that came from northern europe; now called meltemi |
| Mount Pentelikon | location of marble mines in attica; had crisp marble |
| Mount Hymettos | location of marble mines in attica; had blueish marble |
| Athenian Clay | it was particularly fine and it dried orange; in demand because it was used in the famous red and black pots that were popular throughout greece |
| Khalkos | copper; gave the name to cyprus where copper was imported from |
| Laureion | location of mines rich in silver and lead (in attica) |
| Farming Seasons | may - harvesting grain sep - gather grapes for wine oct and nov - ploughing and sowing nov - gathering olives |
| Arable Lands | arabilis in latin; ploughable |
| Use of Horses | only rich people would use it; typically used for hunting and racing rather than travel |
| Hippokrates and Milk | he advised against drinking milk from cows |
| Pheidippes | a famous runner who ran from athens to sparta in 2 days |
| Demes | the small towns that surrounded the polis |
| Piraeus/Peiraieus | the port of athens; connected to athens by long walls |
| Metoikoi | the resident aliens, typically lived in Piraeus |
| Thorikos | known for its mining and processing; one of the most industrialized demes |
| Agora | the city center; word could also mean "address a public meeting" or "buy"; market and legal center |
| Boundary Stones | marked the outer wall of the agora; shows the possible religious significance of the agora |
| Theogony | written by hesiod; a foundational text that outlines the basics of greek religion |
| Gaia | earth |
| Ouranos | sky |
| Void | chaos |
| The Ekklesia | the decision makers; made political and religious decisions because there was no centralized religious authority |
| Seer | mantis (pl. manteis) |
| Melampos | the first seer |
| Asklepios at Epidaurous | a healing shrine; people would inscribe their stories of success on the walls |
| Priests | hiereus; responsible for correct procedure at sacrifice |
| Chthonic Powers | underground powers; people would call on the dead rather than just the gods |
| The Envy of the Gods | phthoneros; gods were envious of humans who succeeded |
| Temenos | a sanctuary; comes from the word temno, meaning cut |
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