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Integumentary System
BIO 168
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cutaneous membrane | - Skin - Epidermis - Dermis |
| Accessory structures | - Hair - Nails - Exocrine glands (in dermis) |
| Hypodermis | - Deep to the dermis - Loose connective tissue |
| Function of skin | - Protection (from pathogens and chemical abrasions) - Excretions of water, salts, and wastes - Maintenance of body temperature - Synthesis of vitamin D-3 - Storage of nutrients, lipids in adipocytes |
| Epidermis | Avascular (no blood supply) and made of stratified squamous epithelium |
| 1. Stratum germinativum or basale | Innermost epidermal layer, lock with the dermis to increase strength of the bond of the epidermis (deep) |
| Epidermal ridges | Which extend to the dermis (fingerprints) |
| Germinative cells or Basal cells | - Dominates the stratum germinativum/basale - Stem cells that divide to replace keratinocytes |
| Melanocytes | Pigment cells that produce melanin, a brown, yellow-brown or black |
| 2. Stratum spinosum | - As a cell divide in the germinativum layer they are pushed here - 8-10 layers and consists of keratinocytes (most abundant epithelial cells) (house large amount of the protein keratin) |
| Langerhans cells | Immune response |
| 3. Stratum granulosum | - Grainy layer - 3-5 layers - Division stops here |
| Keratinocytes | Produce large amounts of the protein keratin and keratohyalin |
| Keratin | Structural component of hair and nails |
| 4. Stratum lucidum | - In thick skin of palms and soles - This layer covers the granulosum - Cells are flattened and filled with keratin - 1 layer |
| 5. Stratum corneum | - 15-30 layers - It takes 15-30 days to reach the top, and they are only here for about 14 days |
| In the stratum corneum | - Cells are held together by desmosomes - Connections are so tight, shed in large groups - Water resistant (we loos 500ml per day - insensible perspiration) |
| Skin in salt water-hypertonic | Speeds up dehydration |
| Freshwater | Hypotonic, causes water to move into the epidermis |
| Skin color | - Carotene: orange pigment - Melanin: Brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment. Protection from UV light. - Melanocytes... number of cells doesn't change |
| Melanin | 1) Melanosomes 2) Pale skin 3) Dark skin |
| Melanosomes | Store melanin and transfer to keratinocytes |
| Pale skin | Transfer occurs in the germinativum and spinosum and more superficial cells lose their pigmentation (white color, yellow color, no protection from UV light) |
| Dark skin | Melanosomes are larger and transfer in the granulosum as well |
| Cyanosis | - Skin takes on a bluish coloration (blue) - Reduced blood flow to the surface, most apparent in thin skin, lips, under nails - Extreme cold, heart failure, circulatory disease |
| UV exposure | - Can cause tanning or burning - Epidermal cells in spinosum and germinativum convert a cholesterol steroid to cholecalciferol or vitamin D3 - Liver converts it to an intermediary product to synthesize the hormone calcitriol |
| Calcitriol | Needed for absorption of calcium and phosphorus |
| Wrinkles | Damage to the fibroblast |
| Cancer cells (skin) | Have UV damage to germinative cells or melanocytes |
| Dermis | - Papillary layer - Dermal papillae - Reticular layer |
| Papillary layer | Consist of areolar tissue, and sensory neurons. Makes up 20% of the dermis |
| Dermal papillae | Project between epidermal ridges |
| Reticular layer | - 80% of the dermis, made of dense irregular connective tissue - Lots of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves - Hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands here - Damage done here (UV, wrinkles, stretch marks) |
| Subcutaneous layer | - Areolar and adipose tissue with extensive blood supply - Hair and glands |
| Hair | - Nonliving structure - Produced in hair follicle - Insulate, prevent heat loss, line nose (filter) |
| Types of hair | 1) Vellus: fine peach fuzz (throughout the body) 2) Terminal hairs: heavy and deeply pigmented and sometimes curly (eyebrows, eyelashes, groin) |
| Root hair plexus | Allows feeling if one hair is moved |
| Arrector pili | - Attached to the base - Goose bumps |
| Sebaceous gland | Oil glands, holocrine that discharge and oily lipid secretion into hair follicles |
| Sweat glands | - Coiled tubular glands - Apocrine, merocrine, eccrine gland |
| Oil glands function | - Prevents bacterial growth and lubricate the hair shaft (sebum) - Discharger into hair follicles, and increases at puberty - Arrector pili muscle erect and contract squeezing the gland forcing the lipid onto the surface of the skin |
| Apocrine sweat glands | - Found in armpits and groin - Odorous sweat, that begins at puberty - Apocrine: loss of cytoplasm and merocrine: content released by exocytosis - Sweat is a nutrient source of bacteria (odor) |
| Merocrine or eccrine swat glands | - Smaller and not highly coiled (2-5 million in adults) - Highest in palms and soles, helps to cool the body surfaces by evaporative cooling - Discourages bacterial growth, pH: 4-6.8, made of water, electrolytes, NaCl, and antibiotic |
| Mammary glands | Modified apocrine sweat glands |
| Ceruminous glands | - Sebaceous glands with ceruminous secretions produce ear wax - Cerumen traps dirt |
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