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Unit 2
Government Chapters 4 & 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| presidential system | executive is chosen independently of the legislature. 2 branches are separate. |
| dual federalism | national and state govs are responsible for separate policy areas. |
| cooperative federalism | national and state govs share responsibilities for most domestic policy areas. |
| confederal system | gov in which local units hold all the power |
| McCollah v Maryland | 1819 supreme court ruling confirming the supremacy of national over state gov |
| gibbons v ogden | 1824 supreme court ruling establishing national authority over interstate business. |
| devolution | transfer of powers + responsibilities from the federal gov to states. |
| unfunded mandate | federal order mandating that states operate + pay for a program created at the national level. |
| federalism | gives the central gov its own source of power, independent power to states, and power divided between the central + regional units. |
| parliamentary system | gov which the executive is chosen by the legislature and from among its members + 2 branches are merged. |
| checks and balances | principle that allows each branch of gov to exercise some form of control over the others. |
| enumerated powers | congressional powers specifically named in the constitution. |
| concurrent powers | powers shared by the federal + state govs |
| categorical grants | federal fund provided for a specific + restricted by detailed instructions, regulations, and compliance standards |
| block grants | federal funds provided for a broad purpose + unrestricted by detailed requirement and regulations |
| nullification | declaration by a state that a federal law is void within its borders |
| mandate | official order or commission to do something + authority to carry out policy or course of action |
| habeas corpus | the right of an accused person to be brought before a judge + informed of charges and evidence against them |
| bills of attainder | laws under which specific persons or group are detained + sentenced w/o trial. |
| ex post facto laws | laws that criminalize an action after it occurs. |
| incorporation | supreme court action making the protections of the bill or rights applicable to the states. |
| necessary and proper clause | constitutional authorization for congress to make any law required carry out its power |
| establishment clause | 1st amendment guarantee + gov will not create and support an official state church |
| commerce clause | regulate commerce with foreign countries, states, + indian tribes |
| initiative | citizens petitions to place a proposal or constitutional amendment or the ballot, to be adopted or rejected by majority vote, bypassing the legislature. |
| referendum | an election in which a bill is passed by the state legislature + submitted to voters for approval. |
| common sense | Written by Thomas Paine in 1776. Called for the rejection of the king, independence, and for republic gov. Persuaded many Americans to support the revolution. |
| no child left behind act | 2001 - improved public primary + secondary schools and increase student performance. increased accountability for schools, districts, + states |
| virginia plan | large states would have more representation + national law would be in favor |
| new jersey plan | favor smaller states + congressional representation would be equal |
| americans with disabilities act | prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in employment, gov, public accommodations, commercial facilities, transportation, and telecommunications. |
| judicial review | power of the courts to determine the constitutionality of laws. |
| federalists | support constitution and strong central gov |
| anti-federalists | state's rights and opposed constitution |
| great compromise | solution to virginia + new jersey plan. equal votes in senate + votes by population in the house. |
| 3/5ths compromise | for every 5 enslaved equals 3 citizens. purposes of representation + reconciled northern and southern factions at the constitutional conventions. |
| federalists papers | john jay, hamilton, and madison. series of essays written to build support for ratification of the constitution. |
| shay's rebellion | 1787 - grassroots uprising by armed massachusetts farmers protesting foreclosures. |
| bicameral legislature | virginia plan + legislature of 2 chambers |
| republic | a gov in which decisions are made through representation of people |
| separation of powers | institutional arrangement that assigns legislative, executive, and judicial powers to different people or groups. helps limit power. |
| supremacy clause | article VI - constitutional declaration. constitution + laws made under its provisions are the supreme laws of the land. |
| recall | votes to remove elected officials from office |
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