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A&P I : chapter 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| How many elements are there | 92 natural elements making up our environment |
| What does the # of electrons in valance shell determine | the chemical properties of that atom how likely it is to bond/react w another atom |
| Valance Shell | Outermost energy shell of an atom furthest from nucleus, at 'surface' most reactive level , where reactions occur |
| what is chemistry | when two atoms interact |
| Electrons | determine chemical properties of an atom **** |
| mass number | protons + neutrons |
| 1st shell level | 2 electrons |
| 2nd...3rd shell level | 8 electrons |
| + notation | giving away an electron, making it more positive in which you must notate that as how many electrons you lost |
| - notation | gaining an electron, making it more negative in which you must notate that as how many electrons you gained |
| reactive | elements with unfilled valance shells become stable by gaining/losing e- to fill shell |
| inert | elements with full valance shell doesn't need to react |
| molecule | 2+ atoms that share electrons same or different kinds |
| molecular formula | CO2 means there is 1 carbon bonded to 2 oxygen atoms |
| compound | 2+ DIFFERENT atoms bonded together and it doesn't matter if they share or swap electrons 2 things , put them together and got a new thing -- words |
| ion | an atom that interacted with another atom and now has a different charge than it originally did anything w a charge |
| molecular weight of a compound | atomic mass unit (just round up) and add them up together as how many you have of each element **** |
| bond | a weak or strong electrical attraction that holds atoms in the same vicinity makes atoms more stable bc they fill their valance shell w e- |
| Strong Bonds | Ionic & Covalent bonds -hydrogen are covalent and weaker |
| Ionic | between 2 things that exchanged, gave away or received a charge, and now are attracted to one another |
| covalent | bond where you share e- valance = shell co=share hydrogen is covalent, dealing w water |
| Cation | atom that donated an electron w a + charge got rid of some negativity |
| Anion | atom that received the electron w a - charge gained negativity |
| Non-polar covalent bonds | EQUAL sharing of electrons b/w atoms that have equal pull on the electrons spend equal time w both atoms |
| Polar covalent bonds | UNEQUAL sharing of electrons b/c one atom has a disproportionately strong pull on the electrons electrons spend more time w the one or the other creating positive and negative areas |
| polarized | opposite & very hard to change |
| Water Molecule | POLAR covalent bond |
| Free Radical | doesn't have enough electrons, so goes around and takes it from someone who has extra -- "a mugger" -damages vital proteins (enzymes) -factor in the aging process -antioxident gives free radical its extra electron |
| oxidation | loss of electrons |
| reduction | gain of electron gain negativity, reduced on negative end of timeline |
| OIL RIG ! | O oxidation I is L lost R reduction I is G gain |
| Red-Ox reaction | abbreviation of reduction and oxidation because they always happen together |
| Surface Tension | Hydrogen Bonds how difficult it is to stretch or break the attraction of H+ bonds |
| metabolism | all chemical reactions taking place in cells or tissues at any given moment -how fast & efficiency you can break things down to make them you |
| energy | capacity to do work |
| work | movement of an object or change in matter |
| Kinetic Energy | Energy of Motion; transferred to object |
| Potential Energy | stored energy; converted back to kinetic |
| Chemical Energy | potential energy stored in chemical bonds |
| ATP | adenosinde tripohosphate |
| collision | enough starting energy must be stored up in order to create a collision -- concentration & heat to increase the chances |
| endergonic | SHARED - stored in products, to go inside |
| exergonic | RELEASED - activation energy needed to start the reaction...energy is released |
| decomposition | catabolism breaks chemical bonds, breaking down banana |
| synthesis | anabolism, makes chemical bonds. A+B--> AB taking what you got our of banana to make a new thing |
| exchange | AB + CD --> AD + CB |
| reversible | start w one thing, make a new thing A+B<--> AB |
| oxidized | loss of elections !!! |
| Water is special because... | - Reactivity : water is the universal solvent -Specific Heat Capacity : resists changes temp bc it has a high specific heat -Lubrication : effective lubricant bc there's so little friction |
| colloid | Due to Suspended albumin protein in blood !!! a solution containing dispersed proteins/large molecules ex. blood plasma suspended albumin proteins |
| suspension | contains large particles that settle out of solution particles will precipitate (when something gets too heavy falls to the bottom of a beaker), can measure a sedimentation rate |
| ph of blood | 7.35 - 7.45 |
| Difference between Acid, Base & Salt | |
| Acid + Base = Salt | HCl + KOH -> H+ + Cl- + K+ + OH- -. |
| Primary protein structure | - no fold, straight chain, sequence of amino acids along polypeptide |
| Quaternary protein structure | 2+ tertiary peptide chains together most complicated fold, hemoglobin - attracts oxygen and holds iron |
| Tertiary protein structure | R group, hydrophobic & hydrophilic , mix of all others together |
| Second protein structure | due to hydrogen bonding, spiral alpha helix or beta pleated sheet (zig-zag) |
| Enzymes | Protein catalysts , what causes change to happen faster lowers activation energy barrier , making it easier to do whatever you need to do |
| substrates | reactants in a enzymatic reaction only thing enzyme eats match & shape specific |
| product | result of enzymatic reaction |
| activation sites | where substrates binds |
Created by:
tbmartin2
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