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A&P Mod 1 Lec 1 pt 1
Anatomy Basics, Body Systems, Characteristics of Life, Examination
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | Refers to the form/structure of a body part |
| Physiology | Refers to the function of a body part |
| Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function | Anatomy and Physiology are inseparable; form follows function |
| Gross (macroscopic) Anatomy | Anatomy that is concerned about the visible structures of the body |
| Regional Anatomy | Subdivision of gross anatomy; concerned about the structures in a certain region (e.x.: the head) |
| System Anatomy | Subdivision of gross anatomy; concerned about the structures of a single organ system (e.x.: The Nervous system) |
| Surface Anatomy | Subdivision of gross anatomy; concerned at the internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin |
| Microscopic Anatomy | Anatomy that is concerned about the structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye |
| Cytology | Subdivision of microscopic anatomy; concerned about cells |
| Histology | Subdivision of microscopic anatomy; concerned about tissues |
| Developmental Anatomy | Anatomy that is concerned about how structures change and develop over time |
| Embryology | Subdivision of developmental anatomy; concerned about developments before birth |
| Atoms | The lowest level of organization; makes up molecules |
| Molecules | Made up of atoms bonded together; makes up macromolecules |
| Macromolecules | Large molecules made up from smaller, more simple molecules (e.x.: Protein); makes up organelles |
| Organelles | A specialized subunit within a cell that is made from macromolecules; makes up cells |
| Cells | The smallest unit of life, and the result of multiple organelles working closely together as a unit. Makes up tissues. |
| Tissues | A group of similar cells working together to achieve a specific function. Makes up organs. |
| Organs | A collection of similar tissues working together to achieve a specific function. Makes up organ systems. |
| Organ System | A collection of similar organs working together to achieve a specific function. Makes up organisms. |
| Organism | A collection of organ systems working together to sustain life. The highest level of organization. |
| Integumentary System | Skin, Hair, and Nails; provides protection, sensation, temperature regulation, and synthesizes Vitamin D through the skin. |
| Skeletal System | Bones; provides structure, protection, stores minerals, and synthesizes new red blood cells. |
| Muscular System | Muscles; provides the ability to move, maintains posture, and generates heat. |
| Nervous System | Nerves and Brain; one of the command centers of the body, it uses lightning-fast electrical signals to regulate temperature, control movement, collect and interpret sensory information, fight or flight, etc. |
| Endocrine System | Hormones and Glands; one of the command centers of the body, it uses hormones to regulate processes like growth, reproduction, metabolism, etc. |
| Cardiovascular System | Heart, Vessels, and Blood; it provides a constant stream of nutrients to all of the organs and tissues in the body. |
| Lymphatic/Immune System | Lymph, Lymph Nodes, Leukocytes, Lymphocytes; it returns fluids back to the bloodstream and protects the body from pathogens. |
| Respiratory System | Lungs; it collects oxygen for the blood and disposes of waste carbon dioxide. |
| Digestive System | Stomach, Intestines, Teeth, Esophagus; mechanically and chemically breaks down food into accessible nutrients for the body to metabolize. |
| Urinary System | Kidneys, Ureter, Urethra, Bladder; eliminates nitrogenous waste and regulates water, acid-base balance, and electrolyte contents in the blood. |
| Reproductive System | Testis, Prostate, Scrotum, Penis, Sperm (Males); Ovaries, Uterus, Mammary Glands, Vagina, Eggs (Females); produces offspring. |
| Anatomical Variation | The principle that no two humans are exactly alike |
| Organization | One of nine characteristics of life; living things exhibit a higher level of organization than nonliving things |
| Cellular composition | One of nine characteristics of life; living things are made of cells |
| Responsiveness | One of nine characteristics of life; ability to sense and react to stimuli |
| Movement | One of nine characteristics of life; the organism (or its substances within it) can move |
| Development | One of nine characteristics of life; living things grow and change |
| Reproduction | One of nine characteristics of life; the organism can produce copies of itself, passing its genes on |
| Evolution | One of nine characteristics of life; the organism's genes change |
| Metabolism | One of nine characteristics of life; consists of Anabolism (building reactions) and Catabolism (breaking down) |
| Homeostasis | One of nine characteristics of life; the organism maintains stable internal conditions despite a changing environment |
| Negative Feedback | A response reduces or stops an original stimulus, changes counteract initial change |
| Positive Feedback | A response that enhances the original stimulus, enhances initial change, not common |
| Methods to examine the body | -Inspection -Medical imaging -Exploratory Surgery -Dissection |
| Palpation | One method of inspection; to feel a structure with the hands |
| Auscultation | One method of inspection; listening to the sounds a part of the body makes |
| Percussion | One method of inspection; tapping on the body |
| Radiography (X-rays) | A form of medical imaging; Rontgen's discovery where X-rays penetrate tissues to darken the film beneath the body. Dense tissue appears white. Over half of all imaging. |
| Radiopaque substances | A form of medical imaging; a radioactive substance is injected or swallowed that then fills hollow structures |
| Computed Tomography (CT scan) | A form of medical imaging; patient moves through a machine that emits low intensity x-rays, where the image produced is slice-like and sharp |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | A form of medical imaging; magnetic field and radio waves temporarily realigns hydrogen atoms in the body, where a computer then interprets the varying levels of energy to produce an image. Best for soft tissues. |
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | A form of medical imaging; radioactively-labeled glucose is injected in the body, producing gamma rays that are detected and analyzed. Image colors are dependent on glucose usage, damaged tissues are dark. |
| Sonography | A form of medical imaging; high-frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs |
Created by:
Rylyn27463
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