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A&P 1 Ch.1
Textbook: Anatomy and Physiology 4e, McKinley. Very extensive look at vocab.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | study of structure and form |
| Physiology | study of function of the body parts |
| Cytology | study of body cells and their internal structure (cellular anatomy) |
| Histology | study of body tissues |
| Gross Anatomy | investigates structure and relationships of body parts visible to the unaided eye |
| Systemic Anatomy | studies anatomy of each functional body system |
| Regional Anatomy | examines all structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit |
| Surface Anatomy | focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them |
| Comparitave Anatomy | examines the similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species |
| Embryology | discipline concerned with developmental changes occouring from conception |
| Pathologic Anatomy | examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease |
| Radiographic Anatomy | investigates relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procidures, such as x-ray, ultrasound and MRI |
| Cardiovascular Physiology | examines functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood |
| Neurophysiology | examines how nerve impulses and propagated throughout nerve systems |
| Respitory Physiology | studies how respitory gases are transfered by gas exchange between the lungs and the blood vessels |
| Reproductive Physiology | explores how the regulation of reproductive hormones can drive the reproductive cycle and influence sex cell production and maturation |
| Pathophysiology | investigates the relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system |
| Etiology | causes of diseases |
| Pathogenisis | development of diseases |
| Metabolism | sum of all the chemical reactions in the body, including catabolic and anabolic reactions |
| Anabolism | small molecules are joined to form larger molecules |
| Catabolism | large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules |
| Organization | all organisms exhibit a complex structure and order |
| Growth and Development | during their lifetime, organisms assimilate materials from their environment and often exhibit increased size and specialization |
| Responsiveness | ability to detect and react to stimuli |
| Stimulus | changes in the external or internal environment |
| Regulation | the ability to adjust internal bodily function in response to environmental changes |
| Reproduction | all organisms produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair |
| Chemical Level | simplest complexity level, involves atoms and molecules |
| Atoms | smallest units of matter that exhibit characteristics of an element |
| Molecules | created when two or more atoms combine |
| Macromolecules | more complex molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid) |
| Cellular Level | complexity level that consists of cells |
| Cells | smallest living structures and serve as basic units of structure and function in organisms |
| Tissue Level | complexity level that consists of tissues |
| Tissues | groups of similar cells that perform common functions |
| Epithelial Tissue | tissue that covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities |
| Connective Tissue | protects, supports and binds structures and organs |
| Muscle Tissue | produces movement |
| Nervous Tissue | conducts nerve impulses for communication |
| Organ level | level of complexity that is composes of specific organs |
| Organ | consists of two or more tissue types that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function |
| Organ System Level | complexity level that contains multiple related organs |
| Organismal Level | highest level of structural organization, all body systems function interdependently in an organism |
| Organism | a living being |
| Organ System | a group of organs working together to coordinate and perform specific functions |
| Integumentary System | includes hair, skin and associated glands |
| Skeletal System | made up of all bones in the body, provides structural support and protection, produces blood cells and serves as site for muscle/ligament attachment |
| Muscular System | produces bodily movement, generates heat when muscles contract |
| Nervous System | includes brain, eyes, spinal chord and nerves, responds to sensory stimuli, controls muscles and some glands and is responsible for consciousness, intelligence and memory |
| Endocrine System | consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones to regulate and maintain homeostasis |
| Cardiovascular System | consists of the heart and blood vessels, helps transport nutrients throughout the body through blood |
| Lymphatic System | transports and filters lymph fluids through lymph vessels and may participate in an immune response |
| Respiratory System | responsible for exchange of gasses between blood and the air in the lungs |
| Urinary System | filters the blood to remove waste products and biologically active molecules and concentrates waste products in urine to excrete |
| Digestive System | mechanically and chemically digests food, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products |
| Male Reproductive System | produces male sex cells and male hormones, transfers sperm to the female |
| Female Reproductive System | produces female sex cells and female hormones, receives sperm from male, site of fertilization of oocyte, site of growth and development of embryo and fetus, produces and secretes breast milk for nourishment of newborn |
| Human Microbiome | total collection of microorganisms residing on and within a body |
| Anatomic Position | standing upright with feet parallel and flat on the floor, upper limbs at sides of the body, palms face towards front, head is level, eyes look toward the observer |
| Coronal Plane | separates the body into anterior and posterior sections |
| Midsagittal Plane | separates body into right and left sides |
| Transverse Plane | separates body into superior and inferior sections |
| Oblique Plane | plane that passes through a structure at an angle |
| Anterior | in front of; towards the surface |
| Posterior | in back of; toward the back of surface |
| Dorsal | toward the back side of the human body |
| Ventral | toward the belly side of the human body |
| Superior | closer to the head |
| Inferior | closer to the feet |
| Cranial | towards the head end |
| Caudal | toward the rear or tail end |
| Rostral | toward the nose or mouth |
| Medial | toward the midline of the body |
| Lateral | away from the midline of the body |
| Ipsilateral | on the same side |
| Contralateral | on the opposite side |
| Deep | closer to the inside, internal to another structure |
| Superficial | closer to the outside, external to another structure |
| Proximal | closer to the point of attachment to the trunk |
| Distal | farther away from the point of attachment to the trunk |
| Posterior Aspect | cavities that are completely encased in bone and developmentally different than the ventral cavity, includes cranial cavity and vertebral canal |
| Cranial Cavity | formed by the bones of the cranium, contains the brain |
| Vertebral Canal | formed by the bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord |
| Ventral Cavity | larger, anteriorly placed cavity in the body that contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity |
| Thoracic Diaphragm | separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity, contracts to aid the lungs in breathing |
| Thoracic Cavity | primary cavity for the respiratory system, includes lungs, trachea, bronchi, and esophagus |
| Abdominopelvic Cavity | cavity that contains the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity |
| Abdominal Cavity | contains the majority of the digestive system; stomach, liver, small intestine, large intestine, as well as the kidneys, adrenal glands |
| Pelvic Cavity | contains the respective male/female sex organs |
| Serous Membrane | membrane that subdivides organs of the ventral cavity |
| Parietal | pertaining to the wall of any ventral body cavity |
| Visceral | pertaining to an internal organ |
| Parietal Layer | serous membrane layer that typically lines the internal surface of the body wall |
| Visceral Layer | serous membrane layer that covers the external surface of the organs within that cavity |
| Serous Cavity | area between the visceral and parietal membranes |
| Serous Fluid | fluid that serous membranes secrete that helps lubricate the movement of organs within the body wall |
| Mediastinum | median space between the lungs in the thoracic cavity that contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart |
| Serous Pericardium | two layered serous membrane that surrounds the heart |
| Parietal Pericardium | outer layer of the serous membrane that surrounds the heart and forms the inner lining of the sac around the heart |
| Visceral Pericardium | covers the hearts external surface |
| Pericardial Cavity | serous cavity between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium, contains serous fluid |
| Pleura | serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the internal walls of the thoracic cavity |
| Parietal Pleura | outer layer of the serous membrane that lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall |
| Visceral Pleura | covers external surface of each lung |
| Pleural Cavity | serous cavity that is between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura, contains serous fluid |
| Peritoneum | serous membranes lining the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity and covering most of the organs within the cavity |
| Parietal Peritoneum | outer layer of the serous membrane that lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity |
| Visceral Peritoneum | inner layer of the serous membrane that covers the external surfaces of most abdominal and pelvic organs |
| Peritoneal Cavity | serous cavity that is between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum, contains serous fluid |
| Abdominopelvic Regions | nine compartments that separate the large abdominopelvic cavity into smaller compartments |
| Epigastric Region | superior to the umbilical region |
| Umbilical Region | the middle region and is named for the umbilicus or belly button that lies in the center |
| Hypogastric Region | lower abdomen, inferior to the umbilical region |
| Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions | regions lateral to the epigastric region and are inferior to the costal cartilage |
| Right and Left Lumbar Regions | regions lateral to the umbilical region |
| Right and Left Iliac Regions | lateral to the hypogastric region and are superior to the hip sockets |
| Abdominal Quadrants | separates the abdominopelvic cavity into four quadrants |
| RUQ | right upper quadrant |
| LUQ | left upper quadrant |
| RLQ | right lower quadrant |
| LLQ | left lower quadrant |
| Homeostasis | ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions |
| Receptor | body structure that detects changes in a variable |
| Control Center | structure in a feedback cycle interpreting information from a receptor and sending information to an effector to produce a response |
| Effector | structure that responds to a signal from the receptor that brings out the change to alter the stimulus |
| Negative Feedback | homeostatic system that works in the opposite of the stimulus |
| Set Point | normal value of a variable |
| Positive Feedback | control mechanism that increases the original change in a variable; same direction as stimulus |
| Radiography | primary method of obtaining an image of a body party for diagnostic purposes |
| X-ray | high energy radiation used to penetrate solid structures in the body for imaging |
| Radiopaque | substance that absorbs x-ray beams so that soft tissues can be viewed |
| Ultrasound | aka sonography, a medical imaging technique that uses soundwaves to visualize internal structures |
| Transducer | small handheld device that produces high frequency ultrasound waves and receives signals from reflected organs |
| Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) | modified three dimensional x-ray technique used to view blood vessels by injecting an opaque medium and comparing before and after pictures of the vessels |
| Catheter | flexible tube that enters a blood vessel and puts a stent in the area where the vessel is blocked |
| Computer Tomography (CT) | more sophisticated application of an x-ray, where a low intensity x-ray collects dime sized "slices" of the body that can reconstruct a 3D image of the body |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | imaging technique that causes the protons in the nuclei of hydrogen atoms in soft tissues to align, then align a different direction after being exposed to radio waves |
| Functional MRI (fMRI) | maps brain function using oxygen concentration differences in blood flow |
| Proton Emission Tomography (PET) | used to analyze which tissues are most metabolically active, an injection of radioactive glucose is used to emit positrons that collide with electrons and produce gamma radiation |
| Nuclear Medicine | type of medicine that uses radioisotopes to form anatomic images of the body |
| Axial Region | includes head, neck, trunk, along the center axis of the body |
| Appendicular Region | linbs or extremities, located distally to axial region |
Created by:
aidanj01
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