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AP Gov UNIT 1 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| popular sovereignty | principle in which ultimate political authority rests with the people |
| Unicameral | One-house legislature |
| bicameral legislature | two-house legislature |
| categorical grant | money granted by the federal government to the states for a narrow purpose ( e.g., school lunch program) rather than for a broad purpose (e.g., transportation). |
| commerce clause | gives Congress the power to regulate commerce among the states, with foreign nations, and among Indian tribes. Granted through Article 1, section 8 of the Constitution. |
| concurrent powers | those held by both Congress and the states, e.g., establishing law enforcement agencies. |
| confederation | system in which sovereign states are only loosely tied to a central government, e.g., the US under the Articles of Confederation. |
| decentralists | those who favor greater state authority rather than national authority |
| enumerated powers | those that are specifically granted to Congress in Article 1, section 8 of the Constitution, e.g., the power to tax. Also known as expressed powers. |
| federalism | constitutional sharing of power between a central government and state governments |
| cooperative federalism | system in which both federal government and state governments cooperate in solving problems |
| mandates | requirements imposed by the national government upon the states. Some are unfunded mandates, i.e., they are imposed by the national government, but lack funding. |
| Marbury v. Madison | Established judicial review |
| police powers | powers of the states to protect the public health, safety, morals, and welfare of the public |
| separation of powers | principle by which the powers of government are divided among separate branches: legislative, executive, & judicial |
| supermajority | a majority greater than a simple majority of one over half, e.g., 3/5, 2/3. |
| block grant | money granted by the federal government to the states for a broad purpose ( e.g., transportation) rather than for a narrow purpose (e.g., school lunch program). |
| centralists | those who favor greater national authority rather than state authority |
| checks and balances | system in which each branch of government can limit the power of the other two branches, e.g., presidential veto of a congressional law. |
| direct democracy | system in which the people rule themselves |
| elastic clause | states that Congress can exercise those powers that are "necessary and proper" for carrying out the enumerated powers, e.g., establishment of the first Bank of the United States. |
| dual federalism | A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies. |
| new federalism | system in which the national government restores greater authority back to the states |
| federalist papers | group of 85 essays written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay for the purpose of persuading the people of New York to adopt the Constitution |
| formal amendment | a change in the actual wording of the Constitution. Proposed by Congress or national convention, and ratified by the states. |
| implied powers | those that are "necessary and proper" to carry out Congress' enumerated powers, and are granted to Congress through the elastic clause |
| Indirect Democracy | system in which the people are ruled by their representatives. Also known as representative democracy, or republic |
| inherent powers | foreign policy powers (e.g., acquiring territory) held by the national government by virtue of its being a national government. |
| informal amendment | a change in the meaning, but not the wording, of the Constitution, e.g., through a court decisions such as Brown v. Board. |
| judicial review | The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional. Established by Marbury v. Madison |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | established principle of national supremacy and validity of implied powers |
| reserved powers | powers held by the states through the 10th Amendment. Any power not granted to the US government is "reserved" for the states. |
| Shay's Rebellion | 1786 revolt by Massachusetts farmers seeking relief from debt and foreclosure that was a factor in the calling of the Constitutional Convention |
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victoriaames
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