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Exam 4 A&P
Skeletal Muscles and Pathology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Type of fibrous connective tissue that make up fascia. | Disorganized |
| Able to rebound back to original shape and length. | Elastic |
| The minimum stimulus required to produce a response. | Excitable |
| A muscle contraction radically increase in tension, but no change in length. | Isotonic |
| Capable of forcefully shortening | Contractile |
| What type of muscle contraction maintains our posture and each muscle's state of readiness for contraction? | Tonic |
| A nerve cell that stimulates multiple muscle fibers in a motor unit. | Motorneuron |
| The organized fibrous connective tissue that make up tendons is composed of -------packed collagen fibers. | Tightly |
| Corkscrew=shaped protein that composes collagen fibrils. | Tropocollagen |
| A broad flat sheet of organized connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone. | Aponeurosis |
| An acute involuntary muscle contraction that lasts for several minutes; palpable as a knot. | Cramp |
| Able to lengthen. | Extensible |
| What are the functions of the skeletal muscle system? | 1. Create movement 2. Help stabilize joints 3. Maintain posture 4. Generate heat |
| The Key characteristics that describe the functional qualities of skeletal muscles are excitable, contractible ----- and -----? | Extensible and Elastic |
| What is the best explanation of the all-or-none principle of muscle contraction? | All fibers in a motor unit must contract fully when sufficient stimulus is delivered. |
| The sliding filament theory explains that muscle fibers contract when -----is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing the myofilaments to bond and slide over each other. | Calcium |
| What is the smallest contractible unit of a muscle? | Sarcomere |
| What is the name for the large grouping of muscle fibers surrounded by the perimysium? | Fascicle |
| True or False: Fascia is characterized by lots of ground substances that keep fibers widely spaced? | True |
| A motor unit is composed of one motor neuron and? | Multiple Muscle Fibers |
| The graded response Theory explains how the force of motor contractions is changed by? | Increasing or decreasing the number of motor units stimulated |
| What is the term used to describe the minimum amount of stimulus required for muscle contraction? | Threshold Stimulus |
| What movement role is assigned to an antagonist muscle? | Oppose the primary movement |
| What is the name for the muscle attachment the is generally fixed or stabilized during movement? | Origin |
| What term is used to describe the natural state of firmness of a muscle due to the status of the tissue and fluid elements | Muscle Tone |
| What type of contraction occurs when a muscle is functioning as the prime mover? | Concentric isotonic |
| Which category of ROM is best for assessing the available range of movement and the status of the insert tissues around a joint? | Passive |
| Name the structures that pass between the anterior & middle scalene. | Brachial Plexus & Subclavian Artery |
| Name the muscle between the SCM and the anterior flap of the Trapezius. | Scalenes |
| Name the strongest muscle in the body relative to its size. | Masseter |
| What movement of the mandible would shorten the masseter? | Passive elevation |
| Name the muscle that attaches to the frontal, temporal & parietal bone. | Temporailis |
| What actions will stretch/strengthen the temporalis? | Depression & Protraction of mandible |
| What is the origin of the masseter? | Zygomatic Arch |
| Name the insertion for the anterior, middle, & posterior scalene | 1st & 2nd ribs` |
| Where can we find the SCM (Sternocleidomastoid)? | Lateral & anterior aspects of the neck |
| This broad tendon connects the frontalis & occipital muscles together. | Galea Aponeurotica |
| This action will shorten the SCM & Scalene unlaterally to the same side. | Lateral flexion |
| This muscle tightens the fascia of the neck. | Platysma |
| This bone lies above the thyroid cartilage & serves as an attachment site for several muscles. | Hyoid Bone |
| This scalene inserts into the 2nd rib and is hard to distinguish from surrounding muscle bellies. | Posterior Scalene |
| This muscle is the most prominent chewing muscle and the name is derived from mastication. | Masseter |
| This is the common insertion for the anterior & middle scalene | 1st rib |
| This muscle raises your eyebrows and wrinkles your forehead | Frontalis |
| This muscle attaches to the superior nuchal line and retracts the galea aponeurotica. | Occipitalis |
| This action will stretch a client scalene muscles. | Rotation to the same side |
| The temporalis muscle origin is? | Temporal fossa and Fascia |
| This muscle helps maintain posture by compensating for the tilt of the shoulder | Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) |
| This muscle acts as a synergist with the left SCM during rotation of the head/neck to the opposite side | Left Scalene |
| This group of muscles is located between the SCM and the anterior flap of the Trapezius. | Scalene |
| This action of the mandible shortens the fibers of the masseter | Elevation |
| This action can be done by a client for the therapist to locate the insertion of the temporalis. | Depress of mandible |
| This condition is characterized by stiffing of the SCM | Torticollis |
| These rectangular bones from the top and side of the cranium | Parietal Bones |
| This blood vessel passes deep & medial to SCM | Carotid Artery |
| The Brachial Plexus passes between what two scalene muscles. | Anterior & Middle Scalene |
| What is the action of the longus Capitis | Rotation of head and neck to same side |
| A bilateral (shorten/contraction) action of SCM | Flexion of head and neck |
| Muscle that retracts the mandible | Temporalis |
| The bone that separates the nostrils is? | Vomer |
| What is the insertion of the temporalis? | Coronoid process of the mandible |
| The Longus Capitis is located on the? | Anterior Cervical vertebrae |
| What is the insertion of the SCM? | Mastoid process of the temporal bone & lateral superior nuchal line of the occiput |
| What is the bone shaped like a butterfly, moth, or bat? | Sphenoid Bone |
| What is the boney landmark along the angle of the mandible is the insertion of the masseter? | Ramus |
| A round articular surface at the extremity of a bone is what type of boney landmark? | Condyle |
| What name is given to the 2 holes located on the anterior surface of the mandible | Mental Foreman |
| What are the two heads of the SCM? | Sternal & Clavicular |
| The origin of the Anterior scalene | Transverse process C3-C6 |
| The origin of the Posterior scalene | Transvere process of C5-C6 |
| A Bilateral action of the scalenes | Elevation of ribs on inhalation |
| Unilateral action of scalene | Laterally flex head and neck same side and rotation of head and neck opposite side |
| What muscles lie between the trachea and anterior surface of the cervical vertebrae | Longus Capitis & Longus Colli |
| A group of hereditary diseases characterized by denegation of muscle and weakness | Muscular Dystrophy (MD) |
| Injury to ligament | Sprain |
Created by:
JML19
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