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brainstem soneira
brainstem packet self-study
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the three parts of the brainstem | medulla, pons, midbrain |
| What brain structure largely covers the three parts of the brainstem? | cerebellum |
| The brainstem is continuous inferiorly with | spinal cord at foramen magnum |
| the brainstem is continuous superiorly with | diencephalon |
| Where is the anterior median fissure? | anterior (ventral) surface of brainstem on medulla |
| Where are the pyramids? | one on each side of anterior median fissure |
| what is in the pyramids? | descending fibers of corticospinal tracts |
| What happens to fibers of the corticospinal tract in the lower medulla? | 90% decussate, or cross to contralateral side |
| When corticospinal tracts decussate, where do they go? | descend in lateral funiculus of spinal cord as lateral corticospinal tract |
| What happens to fibers that do not decussate? | descend in anterior funiculus as anterior corticospinal tract |
| A lesion on the right pyramid of the medulla above the decussation would cause paralysis or causes paresis on which side of the body? | contralateral side..left side |
| A lesion on the right pyramid of the medulla below the decussation would cause paralysis or causes paresis on which side of the body? | ipsilateral side...the right (same) side |
| Where is the olive? | oval elevation lateral to upper part of pyramid |
| What forms the olive? | inferior olivary nuclear complex |
| where does the rootlets of the hypoglossal nerve attach? | between pyramid and olive in preolivary sulcus |
| where do the rootlets of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves attach? | posterior to the olive at the postolivary (retro-olivary) sulcus |
| What are the rootlets of the vagus nerve in line with? | attachment of rootlets of accessory nerve |
| What nerves attach along the medullopontine sulcus (medial to lateral) | abducens, CN VI (most medial) facial, CN VII (bib = motor root, small = int.nerve) vestibulocochlear nerve, CN VIII |
| What is continuous on each side with a large fiber bundle that terminates in the middle cerebellar peduncle? | Pons |
| What marks the anterior surface of the pons | transverse bands that mark fiber bundles that originate at pons and enter cerebellum via pontocerebellar fibers (middle cerebellar peduncle) |
| Where does the trigeminal nerve attach? | boundary between pons and middle cerebellar peduncle |
| What is the large root of the trigeminal nerve | sensory root |
| what is the small root of the trigeminal | motor root |
| What is the shallow groove along the anterior midline of the pons? | basilar suclus which is related to basilar artery |
| What and where are the cerebral crura? | 2 columns of descending fibers that emerge from the cerebral hemisphere run posteriolaterally then disappear into pons |
| What are found in the cerebral crura? What structure do they mark? | fibers that originate in cerebral cortex and go to brainstem or spinal cord Marks midbrain |
| What nerve attaches to the medial border of the cerebral crus? | oculomotor nerve, cn III |
| What is the name of the space in between the cerebral crura? | interpeduncular fossa |
| Since many blood vessels penetrate it, what is the floor of the interpeduncular fossa called? | posterior perforated substance |
| The small cavity in the "closed" part of the medulla is a continuation of what? | central canal of the spinal cord |
| The upper/open part of the medulla forms the floor of what? | floor of the 4th ventricle |
| What has to be removed to view the posterior surface of the brainstem? | cut 3 pairs of cerebellar peduncles to remove cerebellum |
| Which cerebellar peduncle is the one that can be seen from the front? | the middle, superior and inferior are only visible from back |
| What do the alar plates give rise to? | sensory nuclei of the spinal cord, though actually interneurons, not true sensory neurons |
| What do the basal plates give rise to? | motor nuclei of the spinal cord, really interneurons because transmit to muscles |
| Which plates, alar or basal, are located in the dorsal horn | alar |
| What does the sulcus limitans becomes as you descend from the medulla? | central canal of spinal cord?? |
| What is the boundary between sensory nuclei and motor nuclei (alar and basal) | sulcus limitans |
| What is the position of the alar plate adn continue into fourth ventricle? | becomes lateral to basal plate |
| What is the position of the alar to basal plates in the closed medulla? | posterior |
| When the alar plates rejoin at the midline what happens to the cavity of the 4th ventricle | It shrinks to become the small cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain. |
| The gracile and cuneate fasciculi terminate where? | Superiorly in the closed medulla at the gracile and cuneate tubercles |
| What forms the gracile and cuneate tubercles? Which direction are the fibers running? | the corresponding nuclei are relay stations for the ascending fibers of each that terminate there |
| What do the ascending fibers of the gracile and cuneate fasciculi carry? | sensory information: discriminative touch, proprioception, vibration |
| On which side of the brain stem are the gracile tubercle and cuneate tubercle? | posterior (dorsal) |
| What forms a prominent elevation in the posterolateral medulla, superior to gracile and cuneate tubercles | Restiform body (rope-like) |
| What part of the medulla carries impules from medulla and spinal cord to cerebellum (cerebellar afferent fibers)? | restiform body |
| what creates two structures join to create the inferior cerebellar peduncle? | juxtarestiform body & restiform body which ascend then turn backward to enter cerebellum |
| What is another name for the 4th ventricle? | Rhombiod Fossa |
| What divides the 4th ventricle into right and left halves? | median sulcus of the rhombiod fossa |
| What longitudinal sulcus is found in each half of the rhomboid fossa | sulcus limitans |
| What is the area between the median sulcus and the sulcus limitans? | medial eminence of 4th ventricle |
| What nuclei are located between median sulcus and sulcus limitans in the 4th ventricle? | cranial nerve motor nuclei |
| Where are cranial nerve sensory nuclei located in relation to the sulcus limitans in the 4th ventricle? | lateral to the suclus limitans |
| the two small triangular areas found int he lower part of the medial eminence are called? Which is medial? | The hypoglossal trigone is medial to the vagal trigone in the closed medulla |
| What lies deep to the hypoglossal trigone and vagal trigone? | hypoglossal nucleus and dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, respectively |
| What does the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus do? | visceral, parasympathetic? |
| Name the rounded elevation of the medial eminence located in the lower pons that marks the location of the abducens nucleus? | Facial colliculus |
| What else does the facial colliculus mark along with abducens nucleus? | Internal genu of facial nerve |
| What is the internal genu of facial nerve? | fibers that originate from the facial nucleus and loop around the abducens nucleus to form the facial collicus. |
| lateral to the sulcus limitans in the upper medulla and lower pons is an "area" that marks what? | the vestibular area marks the location of the vestibular nuclei |
| What does the vestibular nuclei gather? | It is a sensory nuclei that receives information from the inner ear to help maintain balance. |
| What is the boundary between the pons and medulla? | the straie medullares of 4th ventricle: white strands that cross on dorsal surface of brainstem at the widest part of rhomboid fossa. |
| Where do striae medullares of 4th ventricle cross the medulla? | At the widest part of the rhomboid fossa on the dorsal surface of the brainstem |
| What does the Obex delineate? Where is it located? | below is the closed medulla at the tip of the 4th ventrical |
| What are the four elevations that mark the posterior surface of the brain stem? Role? | 2 inferior colliculi - part of auditory 2 superior colliculi - part of visual |
| How are the inferior colliculus connected to the thalamus? | connected to medial geniculate body (part of thalmus) by brachium of inferior colliculus |
| The brachium of the superior colliculus connects it where? | brachium connects superior colliculus to lateral geniculate body, also part of thalmus |
| which part of the epithalmus is a component of the diencephalon? Where is it located? | the pineal body/gland is located between superior colliculi |
| What lies between the superior colliculi, though it is not a part of the brainstem? | pineal body/gland |
| What nerve attaches to brainstem? It is the only one on posterior surface of brainstem. | Trochlear (IV) attaches below inferior colliculus |
| What are the two groups of Efferent fibers? | Visceral and Somatic |
| Where do efferent fibers run? | motor fibers from brainstem to effector |
| What are the two classifications of Visceral efferent fibers? Somatic? | General (General Visceral Efferent)=GVE Special (Special Visceral Efferent)=SVE Somatic only has General = GSE |
| What do the fibers innervate and which nerves contain the General Visceral Efferent Fibers? | preganglionic parasympathetic fibers, CN's III, VII, IX, X |
| What do the fibers innervate and which nerves the Special Visceral Efferent Fibers? | innervate skeletal muscle from pharyngeal (brachial) arches not somites of mesoderm CN V, VII, IX, X |
| What do the fibers innervate and which nerves are the General Somatic Efferent fibers | innervate skeletal muscle derived from somites and somitomeres Cn III, IV, VI, XII |
| What do the fibers innervate and which nerves are the General Visceral Afferent fibers? | carry sensory info from internal organs CN IX |
| What do the fibers innervate and which nerves are the Special Visceral Afferent fibers? | carry olfactory and gustatory info CN's I, VII, IX, X |
| What do the fibers innervate and which nerves are the General Somatic Afferent fibers? | carry sensory info from skin, musc. tendons, ligaments CN's V, VII, IX, X |
| What do the fibers innervate and which nerves are the Special Somatic Afferent fibers? | carry visual, auditory, balance info Cn's II and VIII |
| What fibers would carry messages that your stomach or bladder were full? | GVA |
| What fibers would carry message that your were having a heart attack: Pain? | GVA |
| What fibers carry baroreceptor readings such as carotid sinus? | GVA |
| What fibers carry stimulation from chemical sources,where a molecule actually binds a receptor? | SVA |
| What fibers carry information to the brain about touch, temp, vibration | GSA |
| What is the most important GSA nerve? How can we tell? | Trigeminal, it has the most fibers |
| What fibers would carry physical sensations such as vision, hearing or balance to the brain? | SSA |
| What GSE nucleus is located in the midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus? | oculomotor nucleus |
| What GSE nucleus is located in the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculus? | trochlear nucleus |
| What GSE nucleus is located in the lower pons deep to the facial colliculus of the rhomboid fossa? | abducens |
| What GSE nucleus is located in the medulla medial to the dorsal motor vagal nerve? | hypoglossal nucleus |
| Which motor nuclei give rise to preganglionic parasympathetic fibers? | general visceral efferent (GVE)motor nuclei |
| Which motor nuclei are located close to the midline and adjacent to the ventricular system? | general somatic efferent (GSE)motor nuclei |
| What GVE nuclei is located in the midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus, immeadiately posterior to oculomotor nucleus? | Edinger-Westphal, cn III nucleus |
| The GVE nucleus or what CN is located in the lower pons? | supeior salivatory nucleus of CN VII |
| The GVE nucleus of what CN is located in the upper medulla? | inferior salivatory nucleus of CN IX |
| The GVE nucleus of what CN is located in the lower medulla lateral to the hypoglossal n. | dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, CN X |
| What special visceral efferent motor nuclei innervates mm. derived from 1st pharyngeal arch? | trigeminal motor nucleus |
| What are the muscles derived from 1st pharyngeal arch? | muscles of mastication: masseter, termporalis, medial and lateral pterygoids |
| Where, Which, what type is the motor nuclei that innervates muscles derived from the 2nd pharyngeal arch? | lower pons, SVE, facial nucleus |
| Where, which, what type is the motor nuclei that innervates muscles derived from the 3rd, 4th, 6th pharyngeal arches? | medulla, nucleus ambiguus, SVE fibers to CN IX and X |
| What are the muscles of the 3rd, 4th, 6th pharyngeal arches? | muscles of pharynx, larynx and soft palate |
| What is the most important general somatic afferent sensory nuclei? Location? | trigeminal sensory nucleus, has three parts and extends the entire length of brainstem |
| What part of the trigeminal GSA nucleus extends from lower pons to medulla-spinal cord junction? What does it recieve? | spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve, receives mostly pain and temperature information |
| What part of the trigeminal GSA nucleus is in midpons? What does it receive? | principal sensory (pontine) nucleus of trigeminal nerve. receives touch information |
| What part of the trigeminal GSA nucleus extends from midpons to upper mid-brain junction? What does it recieve? | mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve, receives proprioceptive information |
| Which and what type sensory nuclei receive auditory information from the organ of Corti (inner ear)? By what nerve? | cochlear part of VIII travels to ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei which are SSA, special somatic afferent |
| Where are the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei located? | posterolaterally at pontomedullary junction on surface of restiform body - this is the widest part of the rhomboid surface |
| How many vestibular nuclei exist? Where are they? | 4, superior, inferior, medial and lateral posterolateral part of upper medulla, lower pons underneath vestibular area of rhomboid fossa |
| What is the purpose of the vestibular nuclei? | recieve information from teh maculae and ampullary crest (inner ear) via the vestibular part of CN VIII |
| Where are the two parts of the solitary nucleus located? | medulla |
| Which part of solitary nucleus receives SVA fibers for taste? From what nerves? What is another name for it | Gustatory nucleus of upper part of solitary nucleus receives from CN VII, IX, X |
| Which part solitary nucleus receives GVA fibers? Another name? | Cardiorespiratory nucleus is the lower nucleus, receives fibers from cn IX, X |
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El Diablo
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