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Destiny Buonacorsi
Study Stack 1 - Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the inner region of an organ? | Medullary |
| What is the outer region or layer of an organ? | Cortical |
| Where is the popliteal region? | Behind the knee |
| What substances accept hydrogen ions (H+)? | Bases |
| AB+CD -> AD+CB is an example of what reaction? | Exchange reaction |
| A magnesium atom has an atomic number of 12; atomic mass of 25; and +2 charge. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does it have? | 12 protons, 13 neutrons, 10 electrons |
| What type of reaction is when substances are combined to form a more complex substance? | Synthesis reaction |
| What color will red litmus paper turn in the presence of a base? | Blue |
| What is the most abundant AND important compound in the body? | Water |
| As concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) increases, what happens to the solution? | It becomes more acidic |
| What determines atomic mass? | Number of protons and neutrons |
| Carbon has an atomic number of 6. How many electrons are found in the first shell? | 2 |
| What is an example of a decomposition reaction? | The process of food digestion. |
| What is the approximate pH of gastric fluid? | 2 |
| Is zinc a major element present in the human body? | No |
| What does the hydrogen isotope tritium consist of? | 1 proton and 2 neutrons |
| What is an example of a catabolic process? | Hydrolysis |
| What type of solution contains a greater concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) than hydrogen ions (H+)? | Alkaline (basic) solution |
| What is a negatively charged subatomic particle that moves around the nucleus? | An electron |
| How is an ionic bond formed? | A positive and negative ion attracting each other. |
| Formation of sucrose involves removal of a molecule of water. What is this called? | Dehydration synthesis |
| What breaks down compounds by adding a water molecule? | Hydrolysis |
| Acids, bases, and salts belong to a large group of compounds called what? | Electrolytes |
| What are molecules that have a hydrogen bond in result of an unequal charge distribution? | Polar |
| What are electrolytes called with a positive charge? What are they called with a negative charge? | Cations; Anions |
| What 4 elements make up 96% of the body? | Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. |
| What is the most abundant element essential to life? | Carbon |
| What organelles allow recycling of amino acids in the cell? | Proteasomes |
| What 2 membranous structures containing substances protect the cell from harm? | Lysosomes and peroxisomes |
| What lacks a central pair of microtubules, is not found in blood cells, and functions in the kidney to monitor urine flow? | Primary cilium |
| Damage to the centrosome and centrioles in a cell would have the greatest impact on which cell function? | Cell division |
| ATP production occurs within what organelle? | Mitochondrion |
| What is the fundamental organizational unit of life? | The cell |
| Measuring ~ 150 microns, what is the largest human cell? | The female sex cell (ovum). |
| What cell extension assists epithelial cells in absorption? | Microvilli |
| What is the specialized cell structure that propels the sperm called? | Flagellum |
| What substance in a cell membrane keeps it from breaking too easily? | Cholesterol |
| What are skin cells held tightly together by? | Desmosomes |
| What cells recognize and destroy nonself cells? | Immune cells |
| What membranous organelle contains oxidase and catalase enzymes? | Peroxisomes |
| What organelle has both cis and trans face? | Golgi apparatus |
| What is the lubricating substance produced by globlet cells called? | Mucus |
| What is the fluid environment that fills spaces between the cells of the body called? | Extracellular matrix |
| What tissue lacks direct blood supply and heals very slowly? | Cartilage |
| What is the most abundant protein compound in the body? | Collagen |
| What principal tissue type covers and protects body surfaces and lines body cavities? | Epithelial tissue |
| What are all glands in the body classified as? | Endocrine or exocrine |
| What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis? | Stratum corneum |
| What are 3 examples of a serous membrane? | Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum. |
| What is the primary germ layer? | Epiderm |
| What are 2 major categories of body membranes? | Epithelial and connective |
| Besides water, extracellular matrix contains what? | Proteins and proteoglycans |
| What is the most abundant and widespread tissue in the body? | Connective tissue |
| What is the strongest and most durable type of cartilage? | Fibrocartilage |
| What does the union of the basal and fibroreticular laminae form? | The basement membrane |
| What are the 3 kinds of microscopic glands in the skin? | Sweat, sebaceous, and ceruminous |
| What muscle contains intercalated discs? | Cardiac muscle |
| What are the spaces on the right and left side of the mediastinum called? | Pleural cavities |
| What are hollow areas of an organ called? | Lumen |
| What are other terms used for anterior and posterior? | Ventral and dorsal |
| What are 11 major organ systems? | Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic/immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive. |
| What are 4 major tissue types? | Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. |
| What is an eponym? | Terms used based upon a persons name. |
| What are 10 characteristics of human life? | Responsiveness, conductivity, growth, respiration, digestion, absorption, secretion, excretion, circulation, and reproduction |
| What are molecules? | Atoms combined to form larger chemical aggregates. |
| What structure is the midpoint of the abdominal quadrants? | Umbilicus |
| What are the levels of body organization from smallest to largest? | Chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism |
| What are the smallest living units of structure and function in the body? | Cells |
| What is an organization of many similar cells that are specialized to perform a certain function? | Tissue |
| How many regions are in the abdomin? | 9 |
| What are several kinds of tissues working together called? | An organ |
| Blood production is a function of what system? | Skeletal system |
| What cavity are the lungs located in? | Thoracic cavity |
| What region should the surgeon know to find the gallbladder for removal? | Right hypochondriac |
| What cavities is the abdominopelvic cavity subdivided into? | Abdominal and pelvic |
| The frontal plane is the same as what other plane? | Coronal plane |
| What branch of anatomy studies the structural changes that occur as one ages? | Developmental anatomy |
| What is the continuous cavity that encloses the brain and spinal cord? | Dorsal cavity |
| Where is the femoral region? | In the thigh |
| What is another name for the midsagittal plane? | Median |
| Where does the inguinal region lie? | Where the thigh joins the trunk |
| What is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body? | Patella |
| What is the joint between the pubic portions of each coxal bone called? | Pubic symphysis |
| What fibers are most numerous in fibrocartilage? | Collagenous fibers |
| What is the longest and heaviest bone in the body? | Femur |
| What bone articulates with the temporal bone and is the only movable joint of the skull? | The mandible |
| What bone is the keystone in the cranium architecture? | Sphenoid |
| What very small bone lies posterior and lateral to each nasal bone? | Palatine |
| What bone articulates with no other bone in the body? | Hyoid |
| What two bones make up the shoulder girdle? | Clavicle and scapula |
| What is the main shaft-like portion of a long bone called? | Diaphysis |
| What structures hold the foot bones firmly in their arched positions? | Ligaments and tendons |
| What is the most common type of cartilage? | Hyaline cartilage |
| What type of tissue is cartilage classified as? | Connective tissue |
| What are the major subdivisions of the human nervous system? | Afferent and efferent divisions |
| What two organs make up the central nervous system (CNS)? | Brain and spinal cord |
| How are the somatic and autonomic nervous systems different? | Somatic responds to the skeletal muscle and autonomic responds to cardiac and smooth muscle; glands; adipose and other tissue |
| Where do most benign and malignant tumors in the nervous system originate? | Glial cells |
| Where are Schwann cells located? | In the peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
| What cell is referred as the "star of the nervous system"? | Astrocytes |
| What is another name for a Schwann cell? | Neurolemmocyte |
| What are the five main types of glia? | Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells |
| How many glia cells are found in the central nervous system? | Four |
| What glia cell is found in the peripheral nervous system? | Schwann cell |
| What is the myelin sheath? | Permits rapid conduction of nerve impulses |
| What is neurilemma? | Essential to normal growth nerve growth and regeneration of injured nerve fibers; consists of Schwann nucleus and cytoplasm |
| What is another name for the neurons cell body? | Perikaryon |
| What are the other names for the endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes in a neuron? | Nissl substance or chromatophilic substance |
| What is neuroglobin (Ngb)? | A protein molecule; stores backup of oxygen |
| What relates to velocity of impulse conduction? | Axon diameter |
| What are the three types of neurons according to their extensions? | Multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar |
| What are three types of neurons based upon the direction of the impulse conduction? | Afferent neurons, efferent neurons, and interneurons |
| Which direction do afferent neurons conduct impulses? | Toward the brain or spinal cord |
| Which direction do efferent neurons conduct impulses? | Toward muscles or glands |
| Where are interneurons located, and which direction do they conduct impulses? | Located entirely in the CNS, conduct impulses from afferent neurons to or toward motor neurons |
| What is an effector? | A muscle or glandular tissue |
| A reflex-arc is an example of what type of information pathway? | Feedback loop |
| What is the difference between an axon and dendrite? | Dendrite receives information, axon sends information |
| What is the delicate layer of reticular fibrous connective tissue surrounding the Schwann cell called? | Endoneurium |
| What does the perineurium act as? | A blood-nerve barrier (BNB) |
| What are nerve fiber bundles called within the central nervous system? | Tracts |
| What does white matter consist of? | Myelinated nerves in the peripheral nervous system; myelinated tracts in the central nervous system |
| What is gray matter composed of? | Cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers; in central nervous system, often called nuclei; in peripheral nerves, more often called ganglia |
| What are three layers of connective tissue that hold the fibers of the nerve together? | (Deep to superficial) Endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium |
| What causes most injuries to the spinal cord? | Crushing and bruising |
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destiny.buonacorsi
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