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2nd Semester Exam
For use on the final exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Agricultural Revolution | started in the UK: better farming practices, good weather, stability |
| natural resources in the UK | rivers, iron, coal |
| textiles | clothing made in the first factories |
| working conditions in factories | dangerous machines, hot, no safety precautions, diseases easily spread |
| capitalism | idea described by Adam Smith where people are free to produce, sell, and buy what they want |
| communism | idea described by Karl Marx where people share all things equally, no one is above another |
| urbanization | when mass groups of people move from the countryside to cities |
| reasons for imperialism | countries gain land, resources, get rich, look more powerful to their neighbors and enemies |
| White Man's Burden | European belief that they had a duty to help native people in other parts of the world |
| cycle of conquest | steps European countries took to gain a colony: send out explorers, send in military, send in missionaries, send in settlers |
| direct rule | when European countries had to forcibly take land and resources of natives if they fought back or refused |
| indirect rule | when European countries made deals with natives to get the resources they wanted, then left their culture alone |
| settlement of Australia | claimed for the British by Captain James Cook; native Aborigines nearly died out |
| Columbian Exchange | the trade of goods between Europe, Africa, and the Americas |
| colonial empires | British had the largest empire in history, France controlled most of West Africa, Spain controlled most of South America |
| causes of World War I | militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, assassination |
| new technology and weapons in World War I | zeppelins, machine guns, Big Bertha, poison gas |
| trench warfare | not much movement; battles ended in stalemates; wet conditions with lots of vermin |
| propaganda | government controlling information given to their people; used posters during World War I |
| Fourteen Points | President Woodrow Wilson's ideas for what should happen when World War I was over |
| armistice | end of the fighting during World War I; 11 am on 11/11/18 |
| Treaty of Versailles | official end of World War I; Germany had to accept guilt for starting the war, give up land, and pay reparations |
| Romanov Family | Czar Nicholas II, his wife, Alexandra, OTMA and Alexei |
| causes of the Russian Revolution | poor leadership by the czar, poor living conditions for peasants and city workers, few rights for the people, war losses |
| March Revolution | Czar Nicholas II abdicates and a provisional government takes over Russia |
| October Revolution | the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, storm the Winter Palace and take over the government of Russia |
| goals of the Bolsheviks | peace, land, bread; equality for all; make Russia a communist country |
| Vladimir Lenin | leader of the Bolsheviks, took over Russia and turned it into the Soviet Union |
| Russian Civil War | fight between the Bolsheviks and others to control Russia; Bolsheviks won and made the Soviet Union communist |
| reparations | payments for war damages by the Germans after World War I |
| hyperinflation | rapid increase in prices after the German government printed too much money after World War I |
| Benito Mussolini | founded the Fascist Party and took over Italy in 1922 |
| Josef Stalin | became the leader of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union in 1928 and exile or killed all opposition |
| Adolf Hitler | led the Nazi Party and took over Germany in 1933 |
| totalitarianism | government where a dictator has total control over the media, military, education, economy, etc. |
| Spanish Civil War | Francisco Franco took over Spain and allowed the bombing of Guernica |
| appeasement | giving in to enemies to avoid war at all costs |
| blitzkrieg | German military tactic in World War II to use all weapons available to overwhelm the enemy |
| Battle of Britain | German Luftwaffe bombing military targets in the UK to prepare for Operation Sealion |
| The Blitz | German Luftwaffe bombing cities like London and trying to kill as many civilians as possible |
| Operation Barbarossa | German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941; largest military operation in world history |
| D-Day | Allied invasion of Normandy, France to open a third front in World War II; code name Operation Overlord |
| Battle for Berlin | final European battle in World War II; Soviets invaded and captured the city |
| End of World War II | Germany surrenders on V-E Day; May 8, 1945; Japan surrenders after being hit by atomic bombs |
| ideology of Cold War superpowers | USA was democratic and capitalist; USSR was a dictatorship and communist |
| Iron Curtain | imaginary line that divided Western and Eastern Europe during the Cold War |
| Berlin Airlift | Allies dropped supplies into West Berlin after it was blockaded by the Soviet Union |
| Berlin Wall | built in 1961 to keep East Berliners from escaping to the west; torn down in 1989 |
| domino effect | idea that if one country fell to communist, the other countries around it would, too |
| glasnost | Mikhail Gorbachev's idea of openness and freedom of speech and assembly in the Soviet Union |
| perestroika | Mikhail Gorbachev's idea of restructuring the Soviet economy |
| collapse of the Soviet Union | the USSR could no longer afford to keep control of satellite countries or expand their military; Gorbachev resigned on 12/25/91 |
| breakup of Yugoslavia | country broke up after a civil war into seven different independent countries |
| European Union | group of countries that banded together to create a common trading market and monetary system (euro) |
| terrorism | attacks on European cities and countries for supporting the Iraq War |
| rise of Vladimir Putin | elected president of Russia in 2000, became a virtual dictator and controlled most aspects of Russian life |
| Russia-Ukraine War | started in February 2022; Russia wants to regain lost territory from the USSR, Ukraine wants to retain its independence |
| Queen Elizabeth II | celebrated her platinum jubilee in 2022 after serving for 70 years as British monarch |
| Eurovision | annual song contest between many different European countries |
| Notre Dame | cathedral in Paris that was nearly destroyed by fire |
Created by:
westrick
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