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A & P
Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what's the average weight of the heart | 250-300 g |
| what's the amount of blood the heart pumps per min/day | 5.5L/min or 8000L/day |
| what are the two parts of the pericardium | fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium |
| what type of tissue is the fibrous pericardium made of | tough dense CT |
| what are some of the functions of the fibrous pericardium | protects; anchors the heart; prevents overfilling |
| which pericardial layer is the outer layer | fibrous pericardium |
| which pericardial layer is also the epicardium of the heart wall | visceral layer of the serous pericardium |
| what makes up the myocardium | cardiac muscle and supporting CT |
| from where does blood enter the right atrium | inf. and sup. vena cava, coronary sinus, and anterior cardiac veins |
| from where does blood enter the left atrium | 4 pulmonary veins |
| from which ventricle does blood enter the aorta | left ventricle |
| from which ventricle does blood enter the pulmonary trunk | right ventricle |
| from which blood vessel do coronary arteries originate and along what groove do they run | aorta; atrioventricular groove |
| which cardiac veins enter the heart directly and where | anterior cardiac veins enter right atrium directly |
| what cardiac veins enter the coronary sinus | great, middle, and small cardiac veins. |
| name the right atrioventricular valve | tricuspid |
| what's the function of the AV valves | to prevent backflow of blood into the atria |
| what are the chordae tendinae made of | collagen |
| how many cusps make up a semilunar valve | three |
| what two factors contribute to the independent coordinated activity of the heart | gap junctions; the heart's intrinsic conduction system |
| what are the membrane potentials fo the autorhythmic cells called | pacemaker potentials or prepotentials |
| what cation causes the rising phase of the action potential in autorhythmic cells | Ca2+ |
| name the locations where autorhythmic cells can be found | SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, ventricular walls (Purkinje fibers) |
| where is the SA node located | right atrium |
| how and to where does depolarization spread from the SA node | via gap junctions to the AV node |
| what that factors are responsible for ventricular depolarization | Purkinje fibers and cell to cell transmission via gap junctions |
| does the cardiac conduction system make the heart beat faster or slower than without it | faster |
| which branches of the ANS increases heart rate and force of heartbeat | sympathetic |
| what part of the brain contains the neurons that control heart rate | medulla oblangata |
| via which nerve does the parasympathetic center send impulses to the heart | vagus |
| what do the terms diastole and systole refer to | diastole = relaxation; systole = contraction |
| true or false. each ventricle pumps the same volume of blood per beat | true |
| what is cardiac output | amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute |
| what is responsible for the heart sounds heard on a stethoscope | closing of valves |
| what is the quiescent period | the period of total heart relaxation |
| what causes the first heart sound | closing of the AV valves |
| what causes the second heart sound | closing of the semilunar valves |
| what is the tunica interna made of | endothelium and loose CT |
| what is the tunica media made of | smooth muscle and elastic fiber sheets |
| what makes up most of the tunica externa | collagen fibers |
| where is the tunica media thicker, arteries or veins | arteries |
| where is the tunica externa thicker, arteries or veins | veins |
| which blood vessels are most responsible for maintaining blood pressure, arteries or veins | arteries |
| what layer are really small arterioles and veins missing | tunica externa |
| what are the 4 processes involved in respiration | ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, internal respiration |
| what is external respiration | gas exchange between the blood and the airsacs in the lungs |
| what is internal respiration | gas exchange between the blood and tissue cells |
| what types of cells make up the respiratory mucosa | ciliated simple columnar cells and goblet cells |
| what types of cells line the alveoli | type 1 or simple squamous cells |
| what are type 2 cells | cuboidal cells which secrete surfactant |
| what comprises the respiratory membrane | alveoli together with the pulmonary capillary endothelium |
| list the main functions of the kidneys | excretion; regulation of blood volume/composition; production of erythropoetin; metabolism of vitamin D to active form; production of renin (for BP regulation) |
| which part of the kidney contains the collecting ducts | medulla |
| what is the name given to a glomerulus and the glomerular capsule | renal corpuscle |
| which structure collects urine from the collecting ducts and drains into the ureters | renal pelvis |
| which arteriole feeds the peritubular capillaries, afferent or efferent. | efferent |
| what comprises the filtration membrane | fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries; basement membrane; podocytes of the Bowman's capsule |
| are podocytes found on the visceral or parietal layer of the glomerular capsule | visceral |
| which nephrons play a key role in the kidney's ability to produce concentrated urine | juxtamedullary nephrons |
| how much blood is filtered by the kidneys each day | 50 gal |
| how much fluids and solutes are reabsorbed by the kidneys each day | 49 gal |
| what do we call the cells of the stomach which produce HCl | oxyntic or parietal cells |
| what else do oxyntic cells secrete and what is that product used for | intrinsic factor which is needed for vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine |
| which cells produce pepsinogen | chief cells or zymogenic cells |
| what else do chief cells produce in very insignificant amounts | lipases |
| what are some of the substances secreted by enteroendocrine cell | gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, somatostatin |
| how much bile does the liver produce daily | 500-1000 ml |
| what are the 4 lobes of the liver called | left, right, caudate, quadrate |
| what are the functional units of the liver | lobules |
| what are the macrophages in the liver sinusoids called | Kuppfer cells |
| into what part of the intestine is bile released | duodenum |
| what is another name for the eyelids | palpebrae |
| what is inflammation of the tarsal glands called | chalazion |
| what is sty | inflammation/infection of ciliary or non-tarsal glands |
| what does the caruncle contain | sebaceous and sweat glands - it has a white secretion |
| what is the conjunctiva | a transparent mucous membrane that lines the eyelid and whites of the eye |
| what makes up lacrimal fluid | mucous, antibodies, lysozymes |
| what is the composition of vitreous humor | collagenous fibers |
| what are the three tunics of the eye | sclera, uvea (choroid), retina |
| what is the cornea made from | it's a clear collagenous layer |
| what covers both sides of the collagenous layer of the cornea | epithelial sheets that allow regeneration |
| what makes up the uvea | blood vessels, iris and ciliary body |
| what is the iris | colored part of eye that acts as diaphragm to open and close the pupil |
| what is the iris made of | smooth muscle |
| what is the function of the ciliary body | it controls lens shape and secretes aqueous humor |
| what is the lens made of | crystalline proteins |
| in phototransduction, what is the sequence in which neural signal is carried | photoreceptors => bipolar cells => ganglion cells => optic nerve |
| which photoreceptors work in dim light | rods |
| where is the olfactory epithemium located | in the upper part of the nasal cavity |
| after a neural signal goes to the olfactory bulb, what other two areas can it go to next | olfactory cortex and limbic system |
| what separates the outer ear from the middle ear | eardrum or tympanic membrane |
| what key structures are in the middle ear | malleus, incus, stapes (the ossicles) |
| what major structures are in the inner ear | vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals |
| which structure contains the receptors for hearing | cochlea |
| what structures are involved with equilibrium | vestibule and semicircular canals |
| what are some things which can cause tinnitis | inflammation of the middle ear, cochlear nerve degeneration, side effect of medications |
| what is tinnitis | ringing or clicking sound in the ears in the absence of auditory stimuli |
| what inputs are necessary for our sense of equilibrium | inputs from inner ear, vision, and stretch receptors |
| what do the equilibrium mechanoreceptors sense | they sense position and acceleration |
| name the sensory receptors located in the vestibule | maculae |
| name the sensory receptors located in the semicircular canal | cristae |
| what type of motion do the hair cells in the maculae sense, linear or rotational | linear |
| what drugs depress vestibular inputs | dramamine and bonine |
| name the three types of granulocytes | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| these WBC release histamine from their granules | basophils |
| what type of nuclei do agranulocytes normally have | spherical or kidney shaped |
| what are the two types of stem cells that can form from a hemocytoblast | myeloid and lymphoid stem cells |
| what can the myeloid stem cell turn into | granular leukocytes and monocytes |
| what is hemostasis | complex series of reactions that stop bleeding after a blood vessel is injured |
| what are 3 functions of the lymphatic system | helps maintain fluid balance of tissues; provides transport route for absorbed fat; helps defend against diseases |
| list the order in which lymph vessels collect fluid | lymph capillaries => collecting vessels => trunks => ducts |
| where does the right lymphatic duct drain into | rt. subclavian vein/jugular vein junction |
| what drives the flow of lymph in lymph vessels | skeletal muscle movement; smooth muscle movement in wals of trunks and ducts; lymph vessels bundled with blood vessels by CT uses pulsation of blood vessels |
| which type of lymphocyte mediates a humoral response and which mediates a cellular immune response | B lymphocyte => humoral (antibodies) ; T lymphocyte => cellular immune response |
| what are 3 types of T cells | helper, killer, memory |
| what is the predominant type of tissue in lymph organs | loose reticular CT except for the thymus |
| what are the 4 sets of tonsils | lingual, palatine, pharyngeal, tubal |
| what are the major functions of the spleen | site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance; removes debris, pathogens from lymph and blood; extracts aged RBCs and platelets; mediates iron recycling; site of fetal erythrocyte production; stores platelets |
| what is the function of the thymus | site of maturation of T lymphocytes |
Created by:
coolnuh
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