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Bone Structure
Defining specific structure of a bone.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Composition of Bone | 30% Protein, 45% Minerals, 25% Water |
| Long Bones | Weight-bearing part of the skeleton (arms & legs). |
| Short Bones | Blocky structure and allow for a greater range of motion (carpals & tarsals). |
| Flat Bones | Shield soft tissues (Skull, sternum, scapulae, & pelvic bones). |
| Irregular Bones | Variet of shpes and sizes suited for attachment to muscles, tendons, and ligaments (mandible & vertebrae). |
| Haversian Systems (osteons) | Structural units,lacunae, of compact bone arranged in concentric circles. |
| Lacunae | Structural unit of compact bone. |
| Vaokmann's Canals | Perpendicular system of canals that penetrate and cross between the Haversian system. |
| Epiphyses | Bulbous ends of each long bone made up of spongy bone. |
| Cancellous Bone | Spongy bone. |
| Diaphysis | Shaft of a bone. |
| Medullary Cavity | Center of bone which contains blood cell-producing marrow. |
| Periosteum | Covers the outer bone to provide nutrients and oxygen, remove waste, and connect with ligaments and tendons. |
| Five key functions of the skeletal system? | Protection, Movement, Support, Mineral Storage, and Blood Cell Formation. |
| Where is blood formed? | Within the red marrow inside the ends of long bones as well as within the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and cranial bones. |
| Hemopoiesis (Hematopoiesis) | Formation of blood cells. |
| Endochondral (Intracartilaginous Ossification) | Process where mineral salts (calcium and phosphorus) calcify along the scaffolding of cartilage formed in the developing fetus. |
| Osteoblasts | Cells that are responsible for bone formation. Produce layers of mature bone cells called osteocytes. |
| Osteoclasts | Cells that function in the developing fetus to absorb cartilage as ossification occurs and function in adult bone to break down and remove spend bone tissue. |
| Ossification | Process by which softer tissues harden into bone. |
| Calcitonin | Regulates metabloism of calcium. |
| Intramembranous Ossification | Occurs not along cartilage but instead along a template of membrane, as the name implies; primarily in compact flat bones of the skull that don't have Haversian systems.Osteoblasts attach to the membrane through the blood supply. |
| Fontanels | Six soft spots on the skull to help mold the skull during child birth. |
| Sharpey's Fibers | Penetrating matrix of connective tissue that connects the periosteum to the bone. |
| Endosteum | Lining of the medullary cavity. |
| Process | A broad designation for any prominence or prolongation. |
| Spine | An abrupt or pointed projection. |
| Trochanter | A large, usually blunt process. |
| Tubercle | A smaller, rounded eminence. |
| Crest | A prominent ridge. |
| Head | A large, rounded articular end of a bone; often set off from the shaft by a neck. |
| Condyle | An oval articular prominence of a bone. |
| Facet | A smooth, flat or nearly flat articulating surface. |
| Fossa | A deeper depression. |
| Sulcus | A groove. |
| Foramen | A hole. |
| Meatus | A canal or opening to a canal. |
| Fibrous Joint (Synarthrosis) | Fibrous tissue rigidly joins the bone in a form of articulation called synarthrosis. Resulting in no movement at all. (The sutures of the skull) |
| Cartilaginous Joint | Contains two forms of joints. Synchondrosis and Symphysis. |
| Synchondrosis Joint | Articulation involving rigid cartilage that allows no movement. (Example: ribs, costal cartilage, and sternum) |
| Symphysis Joint | Joint where cartilage fuses bones in such a way that pressure can cause slight movement, amphiarthrosis. (Examples: Invertebral discs and the symphysis pubis) |
| Synovial Joint | Freely moving joint involving a synovial cavity which has articular fluid secreted from the synovial membrane to lubricate. Membrane is covered by fibrous joint capsule layer continuous with the periosteum of the bone. |
| Synarthrosis | No movement at all. |
| Amphiarthrosis | Pressure can cause slight movement. |
| Diarthrosis | Freely moving. |
| Bursae | Fluid-filled sacs to reduce friction between tendons and bones. |
| Bursitis | Inflammation in the bursae sacs. |
| Gliding (Types of Synovial Joint) | Curved or flat surfaces slide against one another. (Example: Carpal bones) |
| Hinge (Types of Synovial Joint) | Convex surface joints with a concave surface, allowing right-angle motions in one plane. (Example: Elbows, knees, and joints between the finger bones.) |
| Pivot or Rotary (Types of Synovial Joint) | One bone pivots or rotates around a stationary bone. (Example: Atlas rotating around the odontoid.) |
| Condyloid | The oval head of one bone fits into a shallow depression in another, allowing the joint to move in two directions. (Example: Carpal-metacarpal joint at the wrist.) |
| Saddle | Each of the adjoining bones is shaped like a saddle (the technical term is reciprocally concavo-convex), allowing various movements. (Example: Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb) |
| Ball-and-Socket | The round head of one bone fits into a cup-like cavity in the other bone, allowing movement in many directions.(Example: Shoulder joint between the humerus and scapula) |
| Flexion (Type of Joint Movement) | Decrease the angle between two bones. |
| Extension (Type of Joint Movement) | Increase the angle between two bones. |
| Abduction (Type of Joint Movement) | Movement away from the midline of the body. |
| Adduction (Type of Joint Movement) | Movement toward the midline of the body. |
| Rotation (Type of Joint Movement) | Turning around an axis. |
| Pronation (Type of Joint Movement) | Downward or palm downward. |
| Supination (Type of Joint Movement) | Upward or palm upward. |
| Eversion (Type of Joint Movement) | Turning of the sole of the foot outward. |
| Inversion (Type of Joint Movement) | Turning of the sole of the foot inward. |
| Circumduction (Type of Joint Movement) | The forming of a cone with the arm. |
| Structure of the humerus that articulates with the head of the radius? | Capitulum |
| Structure of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle? | Acromion Process |
| Point of attachment for the biceps muscle on the radius? | Radial Tuberosity |
| Patella is what kind of bone? | Sesamoid |
Created by:
meliz003
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