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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the main cause for avascular necrosis? | Blood supply of the bone cut off Legg-Calve-Perethes : Head of femur in kids. |
| Terry fox had this type of bone cancer. | Osteosarcoma |
| Tommy Douglas suffered from this bone infection. | Osteomylitis |
| This congenital bone disease results lack of collagen in the bones. | Osteogenesis imperfecta |
| This bone disease is caused by a lack of vitamin D. | Osteomalacia - Rickets Added vitamin D to milk |
| In this fracture one side is driven into the interior of the other side? | Impact fracture |
| What is needed for proper healing of a fracture? | A balance between load relief and load application is needed. |
| Which fracture in the wrist can lead to necrotic bone if not treated? | Scaphoid - poor blood supply. Check for snuff box tenderness. |
| This bone disease mostly affects women and causes reduction in height and a dowager’s hump. | _ Reduction of total bone massPRimary - no known cause Secondary - Caused from another disease_ |
| This bone disease mostly affects men and causes deformities and thickening of the bones. | Pagets Disease - Chronic - malfunctiong osteoclasts - bone eater cells. |
| This type of arthritis mostly affects weight bearing joints. | Osteoarthritis - breakdown of cartilage with minimal inflammation. Degenerative joint disease. |
| This arthritis is caused by deposition of urate crystals into the joints. | Rheumatoid Arthritis |
| This arthritis is a medical emergency because joint destruction occurs rapidly. | Septic Arthristis |
| This spondyloarthropathy is also known as bamboo spine. | Ankylosing Sondyylitis - Facets fuse in spine. |
| Which term means disruptions to homeostasis? | Stress |
| Define atrophy, hypertrophy, irreversible cellular injury and metaplasia. | Atrophy - wasting of sells - Cells get smaller Hypertrophy - Cells get bigger Irreversible cellular injury - Cell changes and cant return to normal. Metaplasia - Cells change to another type |
| Which type of cell death induces an inflammatory response? | Necrosis - Localized death of cell or tissue from exogenous causes. |
| How does the body respond to all infective agents? | Inflammation |
| Which factor in Starling’s Law of capillaries increases with vasodilation? | Filtration is greater than absorption - So Filtration increases with Vasodilation |
| Define fibroplasia and neovascularization. | Fiboplasia - is when fibroplats divide in wound and secrete collagen and ground substance to make a scab. Neovaslarization - When new blood vessels are made in a healing wound (The Matrix! Its Collagen and Ground substance) |
| Define consolidation. - | Cell population in wound reduces because fibroblasts leave. |
| What causes pain in inflammation? | Pressure from swollen tissues, Chemical stimulation of nerves, Spasms of splinting muscles, ischemia of still viable tissue (Loss of oxygen) |
| The most common epithelial tumour also known as a senile wart? | Seborrheic Keratosis - benign |
| The epithelial tumour with the worst prognosis? | Squamous cell carcinoma |
| This is a pre-cancerous lesion that occurs on sun exposed skin and that can develop into the worst epithelial tumour? - | Actinic keratosis |
| A skin tumour that is round, smooth, waxy pimple or pearl grey is which epithelial tumour? | -Basal Cell carcinoma |
| List the ABCD’s of diagnosis of a malignant melanoma. | -A - Area b - Border C - Color D - Diameter E- Elevation |
| This skin infection is due to a break in integrity of skin allowing entry for bacteria? - | Cellulitis - Rednes pain heat swelling. Staph or STrep. |
| This infection can occur after shaving or being in a hot tub? | -Folliculitis |
| This term describes boils that are connecting to form a super boil? | -Carbuncle |
| If you have had chicken pox you could develops this disease later in life. | Shingles |
| This ecto-parasite lives in skin folds. | Scabies! |
| Teenagers often get this wonderful skin lesion. | Acne |
| This autoimmune disease presents with superficial lesion with edema, papules and vesicles that is itchy? | Eczema |
| This autoimmune disease presents with elevated papules and patches with scaling that is not itchy? | Psoriasis |
| Describe the 3 grades of burns. | 1) Redness, swelling, on skin surface. 2) Blisters, hair follicles, 3) Full thickness burns, necrosis of epidermis. (all the way through) black. |
| A disease that causes the hardening of the arteries. | Atherosclerosis - hardening of arteries. Or Arteriosclerosis. |
| List the complications of the hardening of arteries and define them? | Coronary artery disease - Angina / heart attack, Myocardial Infarction Peripheral vasuclar disease - schemic limb Aortic Aneurism Stroke |
| Define stable and unstable angina. | Stable - A fixed narrowing of artery Unstable - Possible plaque rupture - can increase heart attack risk. |
| List the differences between ischemic limb and DVT. | Occlusions of artery in limb from narrowing. Limb is pale, pulseless cold. DVT - Veins. - calf swollen, red, painful warm. |
| What is the most common neoplasm of the heart? | Myxoma |
| Define endocarditis.: | Bacterial or funchal infection of the inner lining of heart. ENDO - INNER |
| Which autoimmune disease first starts out as strep throat then antibodies attack the heart? | Rhumetic Heart disese. |
| Which autoimmune disease causes pain in hands and feet in response to cold? | raynauds |
| Define hypertension. | Chronic elevation of blood pressure. |
| List and define the different arrhythmias. | Heart block - Alternation of conduction between SA node od AV node. PSVT - Starts and stops suddenly Atrial fibrillation - No contraction of the cardiac muscle Ventrical tachycardia - Irregular rhythm Ventrical Fiburlation -Non perfusing rhythm. |
| Define congestive heart failure. | Heart cant pump enough blood |
| Define compartment syndrome. Which structures are at risk? | Increased interstitial fluid in a a muscle compartment. At risk are nerves and blood vessle. |
| Define myasthenia gravis. - | Autoimmune disease that involves Neuro muscular junctions. Type ii. |
| Which muscle infections causes paralysis of muscles? | Botulism, Tetanus, polymyositistsits |
| What is the cause for muscular dystrophy? | - Lack of dystrophin -needed to pull muscles. |
| List the signs and symptoms of the different WAD’s. | 1.) Pain - Complaining / symptoms 2.) Symptoms and decreased range of motion 3.) Symptoms signs nerological 4.) Pain and skeletal fracture of dislocation, broken neck. |
| Define myositis ossificans. | Muscle tissue hardens into bone. From direct trauma. |
| What disease is associated with polymyalgia rheumatica? What symptom can it present with? | Inflamatory condision with pain in neck shoulder and hips. Linked with temporal arteritis (Inflamation of arteries around temple) - Can cause chronic headache and blindness. |
| Define Fibromyalgia. | - Chronic condition with wide spread aching, greater than 3 months and tender points in specific areas. |
| Define inclusion body myositis. | - Wasting of muscles and weakness. Mostly in women. Difficulty swallpwing, weak wristsa dns fingers, atrophy in muscles. |
| Which disease presents with hypermobile joints? | Benign joint hypermobility syndrome |
| This is caused by thrombotic occlusion or thromboembolic occlusion? | Pulmonary embolism. |
| Which hematoma occurs between arachnoid and pia layers? | Subarachoid hematoma |
| Which condition results in a short-term drop in blood pressure? | global Ischemia - shock |
| Which cells in the CNS can become malignant? | Glial Cells |
| Which type of infections causes inflammation of the brain tissues? | Viral - herpes, chicken pox west nile, covid |
| Which cranial nerve is infected in Bell’s palsy? | VII (7th) |
| Which infection causes paralysis because of deterioration of anterior grey horns? | Polio |
| Which autoimmune disease attacks the myelination of the CNS? | Multiple Sclerosis |
| A disease where lack of oxygen causes a congenital myopathy? | Cerebral Palsy |
| Which genetic defect presents with protrusion of the meninges at birth? | Spina Bifida |
| At what level does injury to the spinal cord result in paralysis of the diaphragm? | c4 |
| Which lesion presents at the site of impact? | Contusion |
| Which disease presents with dementia as the primary S&S? | Alzheimers |
| Which disease presents with stooped posture, shuffling gait, and tremors in the hands? | Parkinsons |
| Which disease presents with later in life that is inherited? | Huntingtons |
| Which disease causes wasting and weakness in the extremities but does not affect intellect? | ALS |
| Injury to the alveolar lining due to smoke inhalation causes which disease. | ARDS |
| Upper respiratory infections are caused by which antigens? | Viruses mostly |
| Which type of COPD is also known as pink puffer? | Emphysema |
| This type of COPD causes prolonged bouts of coughing with mucus. | Chronic Bronchitis |
| This disease causes increased mucus, goblet cells, and hyperplasia of smooth muscle cells. | Cystic Fibrosis or chronic bronchitis |
| This disease disturbs the sleep by stopping breathing. | Sleep Apnea |
| This disease is caused by a DVT. | Pulmonary Emolism |
| Upper respiratory infections are caused by which antigens? | Viruses |
| What is the most common form of transmission for upper respiratory infections? | Droplets - sneezing coughing blowing nose… |
| Which respiratory infection often goes unrecognized 95% of cases? | Tuberculosis |
| This disease causes a runny nose, sneezing, and congestion. | Allergic Rhinitis |
| This disease is caused by a genetic mutation that mostly affects white people. Get thick moist mucus. | Cystic Fibrosis |
| This pneumoconiosis has a complication of mesothelioma. | Asbestosis |
| This term means a collapsed lung. | Atelectasis |
| . Describe the type of bone pain that needs referral to medical doctor for further assessment. | Persistant and without a cause. Could be cancerous. Especially if paired with other things ike fatigue, weight loss, etc. |
| . Define osteomyelitis and give its signs and symptoms. | Bacterial infection of the bone. S&S - pus filled pockets. Often long bones and vertebrae. Needs antibiotic. |
| Define discitis and give its signs and symptoms. | Infection of intervertebral disc space. S&S - back pain. Possible other signs like fever. |
| Define osteogenesis imperfecta. | Brittle bone disease |
| Define bony fractures. | Loss of continuity of bone. |
| Define pathological fractures. | When abone breaks unusually or with initial or no force — cancer, infection osteoperosis etc |
| What is the difference between closed and open reduction of a fractured bone? | Closed reduction - restore pieces to normal position by external manipulation Open reduction - surgery to restore alignment. |
| What are the two most common types of fractures suffered by | those with osteoporosis. Hip Compression |
| Where is the only axial involvement in rheumatoid arthritis? | C1, C2. Instability and fragility of ligaments develop over time so no extreme ROM or stretching. |
| Describe the underlying pathology of gout. | Too much uric acid in blood. Uric acid breaks down nucleic acids |
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