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VET 113- Anatomy + F
Digestive System- chp 16
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Gastro- | stomach |
| Enteric- | intestines |
| The Digestive System | consists of a tube that runs from the mouth to the anus and accessory digestive organs, anything in the lumen is considered outside the body. |
| Monogastric Animals | animals that have simple, single stomachs |
| Ruminant Animals | animals that have multiple mixing and fermentation compartments in addition to the stomach |
| Digestive Tract Functions | -prehension (grabbing), mastication, chemical digestion of food, absorption of nutrients and water, elimination of wastes |
| Stratified Squamous Epithelium | this is thick and tough, lines the mouth/pharynx/esophagus/anus |
| Simple Columnar Epithelium | tissue that runs from junction of esophagus and stomach to junction of rectum and anus, aides in nutrient absorption. |
| Skeletal Muscle | muscle that's in the mouth, pharynx, the cranial part of the esophagus, and the external anal sphincter |
| Smooth Muscle | muscle that's the majority of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, internal anal sphincter. Arranged in circular longitudinal layers |
| Peristalsis | circular muscle contractions that propel digestive tract contents along the tube ahead of them |
| Segmental Contractions | periodic circular muscle contractions that mix digestive tract contents and slows their movement through the tract |
| Oral Cavity Functions | -prehend (grab) the food, initiate mastication and chemical digestion, and prepare food for swallowing |
| Buccal Cavity | cavity that contains lips, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, hard/soft palate, and oropharynx. Lips can play a role in prehension |
| Teeth | responsible for mastication, contains an upper and lower arcade |
| Root | part of the tooth embedded in alveoli of maxilla and mandible, is help in place by periodontal ligament. |
| Types of Teeth | -incisors, canines, molars, premolars |
| Tooth Surfaces | -lingual, palatal, labial, buccal, occlusal, coronal, apical |
| Pulp | part of the tooth that contains blood supply and nerves |
| Dentin | part of the tooth that is the bulk of the tooth, is hard as bone |
| Apex | the tip of the tooth root, has an entering that blood vessels and nerves enter |
| Enamel | part of the tooth that is the hardest substance in the body |
| Brachyodont Teeth | teeth found in carnivores, has a relatively small crown, well developed roots, do not grow continuously. |
| Hypsodont Teeth | teeth found in herbivores, grow continuously and have a large reserve of crown beneath the gingiva |
| Cementum | the area of tissue surrounding the tooth root |
| Gingiva | gums |
| Periodontal Ligament | helps anchor the teeth in place |
| Radicular Hypsodont Teeth | equine cheek teeth, the root apices eventually close |
| Aradicular Hypsodont Teeth | teeth in rodents and lagamorphs (rabbits), the root apices do not close |
| Deciduous Teeth | aka milk teeth or baby teeth, are smaller and whiter, present in the jaw @ birth, erupt through gums at different times in different species |
| Permanent Teeth | adult teeth |
| Heterodont Dentition | means teeth have different shapes and sizes |
| Incisors | teeth that are small and cut/nibble on food. Located on premaxilla/incisor bone. |
| Dental Pad | are located where the upper incisors would be in ruminants, replaces the upper incisors. |
| Canine Teeth | teeth located distal to incisors, are sharp and pointed. Used to tear flesh and hold prey. Ruminants do not have these. |
| Premolars and Molars | teeth located distal to canine teeth, referred to as "cheek teeth." |
| Premolars | teeth used for cutting and slicing meat, pointed in canines and flatter in herbivores |
| Molars | teeth that assist in grinding and shearing, only in adults. |
| Equine Wolf Tooth | a rudimentary first premolar |
| Carnassial Teeth | the largest of the cheek teeth (upper premolar 4 and lower molar 1) |
| Tongue | is a flexible and maneuverable structure, contains an apex/body/root. Is highly vascular and assists with prehension |
| Extrinsic Muscles | muscles that anchor the tongue in place |
| Intrinsic Muscles | muscles that make up the majority of the tongue's mass |
| Cornified Stratified Epithelium | tissue that covers the exterior surface of the tongue |
| Salivary Glands | Paired glands, contains parotid/mandibular/sublingual salivary galnds. Secretes saliva |
| Saliva Functions | -lubrication, antibacterial action, pH regulation, thermoregulation, enzymatic digestion |
| Saliva | composed mainly of water. Contains electrolytes, antibodies, bicarbonate, lysozymes, amylase |
| Temporomandibular Joint | joint between the mandible and the temporal bone (cranium). Is enclosed in a joint capsule |
| Temporomandibular Joint Functions | -extension, flexion, translation (lateral/rostral movement) |
| Esophagus | muscular tube that transports food from pharynx (throat) to the stomach. Also can stop transport |
| Digestive Enzymes | proteins that promote the chemical reactions that split complex food molecules up into simpler compounds, controlled by autonomic nervous system |
| Monogastric Stomach | contains the carida, fundus, body, rugae, pyloric antrum, and pylorus. The fundus and body contain gastric glands |
| Paritel Cells | cell that produce hydrochloric acid |
| Chief Cells | cell that produces pepsinogen |
| Muscous Cells | cell that produces mucus |
| Mucins | produced by goblet cells, main component of the mucous coating |
| Bicarbonate Ion | alkalinizes mucus |
| Hydrochloric Acid | |
| Prostaglandins (PG) | many different types of these (E & I are involved with digestion). They inhibit gastrin release, stimulate bicarb production, enhances blood flow to stomach, stabilize lysosomes, and regulate macrophage and mast cell activity. |
| Rumination | swallowing food, regurgitating, and repeating this process |
| Rumen | largest part, occupies the left side of the abdomen in ruminants. Has a series of muscular sacs partially separated from one another by pillars |
| Reticulum | smallest most cranial compartment of ruminants, can enter and exit easily. Lining is composed of honeycomb arrangement of folds. Has a large population of microorganisms |
| Reticuloruminal Contraction Functions | -provides coordinated mixing of rumen contents, allow cud to be regurgitated, and allow eructation (burp) to prevent bloat |
| Abomasum | the true stomach |
| Small Intestine | principle site for digestion and absorption, is suspended from body wall by mesentery, has a large surface area |
| Large Intestine | this recovers fluid and electrolytes and stores feces until elimination. Contains the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus. |
| Cecum | blind sac at ileocecal junction. Is poorly developed in carnivores, slightly developed in ruminants, and very large in nonruminant herbivores. |
| Colon | this has a wider diameter than the small intestines |
| Hindgut Digestion | occurs in equine, guinea pigs, rats, rabbits, and swine. Is when the modifications of the cecum and colon allow fermentation digestion in the hindgut similar to rumen |
| Rectum | plays a role in defecation, is the terminal portion of the large intestine. |
| Anus | has an internal sphincter (autonomic control) and an external sphincter (voluntary control). Site of defecation. |
| Liver | located directly caudal to the diaphragm, main function is to secrete substances for digestion and absorption. |
| Liver Functions | -synthesizing nutrients and regulating their release, excreting toxic substances, and producing plasma proteins/cholesterol/coagulation factors. |
| The 6 Lobes of Carnivore Liver | -left lateral, left medial, quadrate, right medial, right lateral, caudate |
| Hepatic Artery | delivers oxygen and nutrients to hepatocytes |
| Hepatic Portal Vein | delivers absorbed nutrients from the GI tract |
| Albumin | the main plasma protein, maintains proper fluid balance within blood |
| Pancreas | has a right and left lobe. Endocrine portion produces insulin and glucagon. Exocrine portion produces pancreatic digestive enzymes. |
Created by:
Riley.Scherf
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