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VET 113- Anatomy + F
Sense Organs
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sense Organs | extensions of the Central Nervous System that allow it to monitor what is going on in and outside the animal. |
| Sensory Receptors | generates a nerve impulse that ravels to the CNS and is interpreted as a particular sensation. |
| General Senses | distributed generally throughout the body, transmit sensory info to CNS through peripheral and autonomic nerve fibers, and keep informed about conditions in/outside of the body -visceral sensations, touch, temperature, pain, and proprioception. |
| Visceral Sensations | sensations of hunger, thirst, stretch receptors in the GI tract and urinary system. Most are vague and poorly localized. Anything that stretches to the wall of an organ ca be intensely painful. |
| Mechanical Stimuli | touch, hearing, balance |
| Thermal Stimuli | hot and cold |
| Electromagnetic Stimuli | vision |
| Chemical Stimuli | taste and smell |
| Touch | known as a tactile sense, operate almost at an unconscious level |
| Pressure | the sensation of something pressing on the body surface, operate almost at an unconscious level. |
| Superficial Temp Receptors | detect upward or downward changes in skin temperature |
| Central Temp Receptors | monitor the temperature of the blood, rectal temp indicates core temperature. |
| Pain Receptors | known as nociceptors, widely distributed inside and on the surface of the body, not present in the brain. Protects the body from damage by alerting the CNS. |
| Pain Processes | -transduction, transmission, modulation (can amplify/suppress sensory impulses, certain drugs can interfere), and perception (conscious perception). |
| Proprioception | important in allowing animal to stand upright and make accurate purposeful movements. The body's ability to sense movement, action, and location. |
| Special Senses | -taste, smell, hearing, vision, and equilibrium Organized into specific sensory organs and structures that are all located in the head, often involved in clinical illnesses and injuries. |
| Taste | known as the gustatory sense, involves the taste buds and taste pores |
| Taste Buds | located on the sides of papillae, also found lining the mouth and throat. |
| Taste Pores | allow dissolved substances to enter and contact the sensory receptors. |
| Smell | known as the olfactory sense, very important in most nonhuman animals. Contains olfactory and supporting cells in the epithelial patches in nasal passages. |
| Hearing | known as the auditory sense, three functional areas: external ear, middle ear, inner ear. |
| External Ear | composed of the pinnae, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane. |
| Pinnae | part of the external ear- composed mainly of elastic cartilage and skin. |
| External Auditory Canal | part of the external ear- somewhat L-shaped with an outer, vertical portion and an inner horizontal portion |
| Tympanic Membrane (eardrum) | part the the external ear- vibrates through sympathetic vibration. |
| Middle Ear | part of the ear that has 3 ossicles that link the tympanic membrane with the cochlea of the inner ear, transmits sound wave vibrations. -malleus, incus, and stapes -tensor tympani -stapedius |
| Eustachian Tube | part of the middle ear that equalizes air pressure on the two sides of the tympanic membrane. |
| Inner Ear | part of the ear that contains the Cochlea, organ of corti, perilymph, and oval window. |
| Organ of Corti | part of the inner ear that runs along the cochlear duct on the basilar membrane. It's filled with endolymph, and consists of hair cells, supporting cells, an the tectorial membrane. |
| Equilibrium | helps maintain balance by keeping track of the position and movements of the hear. |
| Vestibule | senses linear position of the head. Is composed of utricle and saccule filled with endolymph and surrounded by perilymph |
| Macula | in the vestibule- hair and supporting cells covered by a gelatinous matrix that contains calcium carbonate crystals (otoliths). |
| Semicircular Canals | senses rotary movement of the head |
| Endolymph | filled membranous tube surrounded by perilymph |
| Ampullae | an enlargement at the utricle end of each semicircular canal. Contains cristae. |
| Cristae | in the ampullae- cone shaped area of supporting cells and hair cells sticking up into cupula. |
| Photoreceptors | neurons with modified cells, detect the image and generate visual nerve impulses. |
| Major Layers of the Eyeball | -outer fibrous layer (cornea, sclera, limbus) -middle vascular layer -inner nervous layer |
| Cornea | part of the outer eye. Is the transparent "window" at the rostral part of the globe, admits light to interior of the eye. -has arrangement of collagen fibers, no blood vessels, contains water and pain receptors. |
| Sclera | Called "white of the eye," and makes up the majority of the outer layer. Gives strength and shape to the eyeball |
| Limbus | junction (intersection/link) of the cornea and sclera |
| Choroid | part of the middle vascular layer of the eye that's between the sclera and retina. -contains blood vessels to supply to the retina, contains pigment, and tapetum lucidum |
| Tapetum Lucidum | highly reflective area of the caudal aspect of the eye, most domestic species have it except swine. In the middle vascular layer of the eye. |
| Iris | colored part of the eye in the middle vascular layer. Has a muscular diaphragm, pupil, and multiunit smooth muscle fibers that dilate or constrict with light changes. |
| Muscular Diaphragm | part of the iris that controls the amount of light that enters posterior part of the eyeball. |
| Ciliary Body | part of the middle vascular layer that is a ring shaped structure located directly behind the iris. The processes contain ciliary muscles that adjust the shape of the lens to allow near and far vision. |
| Retina | part of the inner nervous layer of the eye, contains the sensory receptors for vision. The rods and cones communicate with the optic nerve. |
| Fundus | "back of the eyeball" |
| Aqueous Compartment | compartment of the eyeball that's subdivided into anterior and posterior chambers, contains aqueous humor (clear watery fluid). |
| Vitreous Compartment | compartment of the eyeball that contains vitreous humor (clear fluid w/ gelatin consistency). |
| Lens | soft transparent structure caudal to the iris that helps focus a clear image. Layers of fibers are arranged like an onion, is elastic and biconvex. Rostral surface contacts aqueous humor, caudal surface contacts vitreous humor. |
| Accommodation | process by which the shape of the lens is changed to allow close-up and distant vision. |
| Rods | part of the retina more sensitive to light, gives course images, and shades of grey |
| Cones | part of the retina more sensitive to color and detail, poor function in dim light. |
| Conjuctiva | an extraocular structure that's a thin transparent membrane. It covers the front portion of the eyeball and lines the interior surfaces of the eyelid. |
| Conjunctival Sac | space between the bulbar and palpebral portions of the conjuctiva |
| Lateral and Medial Canthus | corners where the eyelids come together |
| Tarsal Glands | extraocular structure that produces waxy substance that helps prevent tears from overflowing onto the face. |
| Nictating Membrane | third eyelid of domestic animals located medially between eyelids and eyeball. |
| Lacrimal Apparatus | structures that produce and secrete tears and drain them away from the surface of the eye. |
Created by:
Riley.Scherf
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