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Anatomy session 4
Articular system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Joint | Union between two or more bones, May be freely movable, slightly movable, immovable. |
| How does a joint develop? | Develops from a joint plate located between adjacent ends of two developing bones. |
| What causes a primary cartilaginous joint? | It is caused when a joint plate becomes cartilage but develops no further. |
| Synovial joint | Interior of joint plate gradually dissolves and cavity is formed bounded by sleeve of fibrous tissue that remains to unite the two bones. |
| What is the sleeve of the synovial tissue called? | Articular capsule |
| Fibrous joints | Bone united directly to bone by fibrous tissue. |
| Are fibrous joints freely, slightly or immovable? | Immovable |
| Two types of cartilaginous joints | Primary and secondary cartilaginous joints. |
| Type of cartilage for primary cartilaginous joints | Hyaline cartilage |
| What are primary cartilaginous joints? | Synchondroses Temporary unions with slight movement |
| Type of cartilage in secondary cartilaginous joints | Fibrocartilage |
| What are Secondary cartilaginous joints | Symphyses Joints are slightly moveable and ensures strength and flexibility. |
| Where to find secondary cartilaginous joints? | intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis, etc |
| Synovial joints | Joints of locomotion |
| Function of synovial joints | For stabilisation |
| Movement of synovial joints | Freely moveable |
| Uni axial joint planes | one |
| Examples of uniaxial joints | Pivot joints hinge joints plane joints |
| Bi axial joint planes | Two |
| Examples of biaxial joints | saddle joints condyloid joints |
| Multi axial joint planes | three |
| Examples of multiaxial joints | ball and socket joints |
| Uniaxial joint movements | two movements in one plane Sagittal= flexion and extension Coronal= rotation and gliding |
| Pivot joints | Rounded process of one bone in another part of another bone. Rotation around axis |
| Hinge joints movements | only flexion and extension |
| examples of hinge joints | Elbow and knee joints |
| Plane joints Movements | Gliding or sliding |
| Example of plain joints | Acromioclavicular joint |
| Biaxial joint movement | four movements in two planes Sagittal plane: Flexion and extension Coronal Plane: Adduction and abduction |
| Biaxial (SADDLE JOINT) | Flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, Circumduction |
| Example of saddle joint | Carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb |
| Biaxial (CONYLOID JOINT) | Flexion and extension, adduction and abduction Circumduction but more restricted. |
| Example of condyloid joint | metacarpo-phalangeal joint (knuckles) |
| Multiaxial joint movement | Six movements in three planes 1) Coronal: Adduction and abduction 2) Sagittal: Flexion and extension 3) Transverse: Medial and lateral rotation |
| Multiaxial (BALL AND SOCKET JOINT) movement | Flexion, extension, add- abduction, circumduction, medial- lateral rotation |
| Multiaxial joints are/are not highly mobile joints | they are highly mobile joints |
| Example of ball and socket joints | Hip joint, shoulder joint |
| Plane and axis in which abduction and adduction occurs? | Coronal plane around an anteroposterior axis |
| Plane and axis in which Flexion and extension occur | Sagittal plane around a transverse axis |
| Plane and axis in which medial and lateral rotation occurs | Axial plane, around a longitudinal axis Which runs through the head and neck of the femur |
| List the factors that stabilise a joint | 1) Capsule 2) Shape of articulating bone 3) Muscle 4) Ligaments |
| Subcutaneous bursae | Lies between skin and bone (reduces friction) |
| Subfascial bursae | Beneath SUPERficial fascia |
| Subtendinous bursae | Aids in movement of tendon over bone, and beneath deep fascia |
| Synovial tendon sheaths | Elongated bursae around tendons |
| Describe the blood supply to joints (vasculature) | Articular arteries from blood vessels around the joints |
| Function of the sensory nerves with regard to joints | Articular nerves transmit sensory impulses from the joint which provides an awareness of movement and position of the parts of the body (proprioception) (pain) |
| Hilton's law (Nerve supply) | Nerves supplying the joint must also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering the distal attachments |
| Hypermobility | Double jointed. Joints move beyond normal range. Abnormally shaped ends of one or more bones. |
| Causes of hypermobility | Collagen or other connective tissue defect. Weakened ligaments, ligamentous laxity |
| Abnormal joint proprioception | Unable to determine where in space parts of body are and how stretched a joint is. |
| Osteoporosis | Low bone density and mass which may lead to an increase in fracture |
| Kyphosis | Gradual collapse of the vertebrae |
| (Structure) Fibrous joint | (Function) synarthrosis (immovable) |
| (Structure) Cartilaginous joint | (Function) Amphiarthroses (slightly movable) |
| (Structure) Synovial joint | (Function) Diarthroses (Freely movable) |
| Joint classification of Embryonic development | Develop from the joint interzone.➢ may become fibrous bond➢ may become cartilage,– primary cartilaginous joint➢ joint plate may dissolve – cavity formed bounded by sleeve fibrous tissue that remains unite the two bones |
Created by:
Brenty
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