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Articulations
Chapter 14
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Three types of joints | synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), and diarthroses (freely movable) |
| Syndesmoses | joints in which fibrous bands (ligaments) connect two bones. Ex: the joint between the distal ends of the radius and ulna- radioulnar interosseous ligament |
| Sutures | teethlike projections jut out from adjacent bones and interlock with each other with only a thin layer of fibrous tissue between them. Ex: found only in the skull |
| Gomphoses | unique joints that occur between the root of a tooth and the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. With fibrous tissue made of tiny ligaments called the periodontal membrane. |
| What kind of cartilage joins together the bones that articulate to form cartilaginous joints? | either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. |
| Synchondroses | Joints characterized by the presence of hyaline cartilage between articulating bones. Ex: the epiphyseal plate between the epiphysis and diaphysis during growth years. |
| Symphyses | joints characterized by the presence of fibrocartilage between articulating bones. Ex: pubic symphysis and the articulation between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae. |
| Where are most symphyses located? | In the midline of the body |
| Which joints are the most numerous and most complex? | Synovial Joints or Diarthroses |
| Seven structures that characterize synovial joints: | 1. Joint capsule, 2. Synovial membrane, 3. Articular cartilage, 4. Joint cavity, 5. Menisci (articular disks), 6. Ligaments, 7. Bursae |
| Joint capsule | sleevelike extension of the periosteum of each of the articulating bones- forms a complete casing around the ends of the bones, thereby binding them to each other. |
| Synovial membrane | moist, slippery membrane that lines the inner surface of the joint capsule that also secretes synovial fluid which lubricates and nourishes the inner joint surfaces. |
| Articular cartilage | thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering and cushioning the articular surfaces of bones. |
| Joint cavity | small space between the articulating surfaces of the two bones of the joint |
| Menisci (articular disks) | pads of fibrocartilage located between the articulating ends of bones in SOME diarthroses. Ex: knee joint contains two menisci |
| Ligaments | strong cords of dense, white fibrous tissue at most synovial joints that grow between the bones and lash them even more firmly together than a joint capsule alone. |
| Bursa(Bursae) | a closed pillowlike structure which consists of a synovial membrane filled with synovial fluid. Ex: tend to be associated with bony prominences where they function to cushion the joint and facilitate movement of tendons (knee or elbow) |
| Three type of synovial joints | Uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial |
| Uniaxial joints | synovial joints that permit movement around only one axis and in only one plane. |
| Two types of uniaxial joints | Hinge and pivot |
| Hinge joints | form a hinge-shaped unit, and permit only back-and-forth movements like flexion and extension. Ex: articulating ends of the humerus and ulna, the knee, and the interphalangeal joints |
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