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ch.6 muscular system
ch.6 muscle stack
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| muscle fibers | muscle cells |
| skeletal muscle | muscle attached to body's skeleton |
| striated muscle | includes cardiac and skeletal muscle |
| voluntary muscle | muscle under control of the will |
| endomysium | the thin connective tissue surrounding each muscle cell |
| perimysium | the connective tissue enveloping bundles of muscle fibers |
| fascicle | a bundle of nerve or muscle fibers bound together by connective tissue |
| epimysium | the sheath of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a muscle |
| tendons | cord of dense fibrous tissue attaching a muscle to a bone |
| aponeuroses | fibrous or membranous sheet connecting a muscle and the part it moves |
| smooth muscle | muscle consisting of spindle shaped, unstripped (nonstriated) muscle cells |
| cardiac muscle | specialized muscle of the heart |
| sarcolemma | oval nuclei beneath the plasma membrane |
| myofibrils | contractile organelles found in the cytoplasm of muscle cells |
| sarcomeres | the smallest contractile unit of muscle; extends from one Z disc to the next |
| myofilaments | filaments composing of the myofibrils. two types: actin, myosin |
| thick filaments | bundled molecules of protein myosin |
| myosin | one of the principle contractile proteins found in muscle |
| cross bridges | projections or myosin heads |
| thin filaments | composed of the contractile protein called actin |
| actin | a contractile protein |
| sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) | specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| motor unit | a motor neuron and all the muscle cells it supplies |
| axon | neuron process that carries impulses away from the nerve cell body |
| axon terminals | when the axon reaches the muscle |
| neuromuscular junctions | the region where a motor neuron comes into close contact with a skeletal muscle cell |
| neurotransmitter | chemical released by neurons that may, upon binding to receptors of neurons or effector cells, stimulate or inhibit them |
| acetylcholine (ACh) | a chemical transmitter substance released by a certain nerve ending |
| synaptic cleft | the fluid-filled space at a synapse between neurons |
| action potential | an electrical event occurring when a stimulus or sufficient intensity is applied to a neuron or muscle cell, allowing sodium ions to move into the cell and reverse the polarity |
| graded responses | a response that varies directly with the strength of the stimulus |
| fused, or incomplete, tetanus | when the muscle is stimulated so rapidly that no evidence of relaxation is seen |
| gastrocnemius | two-bellied muscle that forms the curved calf of the posterior leg |
| creatine phosphate | found in muscle fibers but not other cell types |
| aerobic respiration | respiration in which oxygen is consumed and glucose is broken down entirely |
| lactic acid | the product of anaerobic metabolism, especially in muscle |
| anaerobic glycolysis | when pyruvic acid is generated during glycolysis is converted to lactic acid |
| muscle fatigue | when our muscles are exercised strenuously |
| oxygen deficit | the volume of oxygen required after exercise to oxidize the lactic acid formed during exercise |
| isotonic contractions | different atomic form of the same element |
| isometric contractions | of the same length |
| muscle tone | sustained partial contraction of a muscle response to stretch receptor inputs |
| flaccid | soft; flabby; relaxed |
| atrophy | a reduction in size or wasting away of an organ or cell resulting from disease or lack of use |
| aerobic | requiring oxygen to live and grow |
| endurance | stronger, more flexible muscles |
| origin | attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contaction |
| insertion | the movable attachment of a muscle as opposed to its origin |
| flexion | bending; the movement that decreases the angle between bones |
| occipitalis | covers the posterior aspect of the skull and pulls the scalp posteriorly |
| rotation | movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis |
| abduction | to move away from the midline of the body |
| adduction | to move towards the midline of the body |
| circumduction | circular movement of a body part |
| dorsiflexion and plantar flexion | up-and-down movements of the foot at the ankle |
| inversion and eversion | special movements of the foot. invert- medially, evert- laterally |
| supination and pronation | supination- turning backward, pronation- turning foward |
| opposition | the saddle joint between metacarpal 1 and the carpals allow opposition to the thumb |
| prime mover | muscle whose contractions are primarily responsible for a particular movement; agonist |
| antagonists | muscles that act in opposition to an agonist or prime mover |
| synergists | muscles cooperating with another muscle or muscle group to produce desired movement |
| fixators | muscles acting to immobilize a joint or a bone; fixes the origin of a muscle so that muscle action can be exerted at the insertion |
| muscle action | the action of a muscle can be inferred by the muscle's position as it crosses a joint |
| circular | when the fascicles are arranged in concentric rings |
| convergent | turning toward a common point from different directions |
| parallel | the length of the fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscles |
| fusiform | modification of the parallel arrangement |
| pennate | short fascicles attach obliquely to a central tendon |
| frontalis | covers the frontal bone |
| platysma | single sheet-like muscle that covers the anterolateral neck |
| gluteus maximus | superficial muscle of the hip that forms most of the flesh of the buttock |
| gluteus medius | runs from the ilium to the femur, beneath the gluteus maximus for most of its length |
| soleus | deep into the gastrocnemius is the fleshy soleus muscle |
| myasthenia gravis | rare disease that can affect muscles during adulthood |
| muscular dystrophy | a progressive disorder marked by atrophy and stiffness of the muscles |
Created by:
ambreelockwood
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