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Ch.6 Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Contractility | The ability to shorten with force |
| Excitability | The capability to respond to stimulus |
| Extensibility | The ability to be stretched |
| Elasticity | The ability to recoil back into its original state |
| Epimysium | A connective tissue sheath surrounding each skeletal muscle |
| Fascia | A connective tissue that surrounds and separates muscles |
| Perimysium | Lose connective tissue surrounding the fascicle |
| Muscle Cell | Muscle fiber |
| Actin | Thin myofilaments that look like twisted pearls |
| Myosin | Thick myofilaments that resemble bundled golf clubs |
| Sarcomeres | Basic structural and functioning unit of the muscle |
| Motor unit | a motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates |
| Axon | neuron process that carries impulses away from the nerve cell body |
| Acetylcholine | chemical transmitter substance released by some nerve endings |
| Muscle fatigue | inability of a muscle to contract even though it is still being stimulated |
| Isotonic contractions | "same tone"; resulting in successful contraction of myofilaments |
| Isometric contractions | of the same length; contractions in which the muscles do not shorten |
| Origin | attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction |
| Insertion | movable attachment of a muscle |
| Synergists | muscle that aids the action of a prime mover by effecting the same movement or by stabilizing joints across which the prime mover acts to prevent undesirable movements |
| Antagonists | muscle that reverses, or opposes, the action of another muscle |
| Fixators | muscle that immobilizes one or more bones, allowing other muscles to act from a stable base |
| What is a Neuromuscular Junction? | Highly specialized synapse between a motor neuron nerve terminal and its muscle fiber |
| Muscle Twitch | The period of contraction and relaxation of a muscle after a single stimulation |
| Tetany | when such movement is at its maximum resulting in locked muscle structures |
| Muscle Tone | The shape and form of fit muscles |
| Slow-Twitch | Use energy slowly and fairly evenly to make it last a long time |
| Fast-Twitch | Use up a lot of energy very quickly, then get tired (fatigued) and need a break. |
| Fasciculi | A small bundle or tract, especially of nerve or muscle fibers |
| Only found in the heart | Cardiac muscle |
| Aligned to give distinct bands | Myofibrils |
| I band | light band; has a midline interruption (darker area) called the Z disc |
| A band | dark band; has a lighter central area called the H zone |
| H zone | present at rest; bare zone that lacks actin filaments |
| Synaptic cleft | gap between the nerve endings and the muscle cells' membranes |
| Flexion | deceases the angle of the joint and brings 2 bones closer together |
| Extension | opposite of flexion; increases the angle/distance between 2 bones of body; straightening the knee |
| Rotation | movement around it longitudinal axis |
| Abduction | moving limb away from the midline of body |
| Adduction | opposite of abduction; movement of a limb toward the midline of the body |
| Circumduction | combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction; common in ball and socket joints |
| Inversion/Eversion | turning of the sole medially in the foot/ turning foot laterally |
| Supination/Pronation | movements of radius around the ulna |
| Direction of muscle fibers | Rectus and oblique |
| Rectus | Straight |
| Oblique | Diagonal |
| Size of muscle | Maximus, Minims, Longus |
| Number of origins | Biceps, Triceps, Quadriceps |
| Frontalis Function | Raise eyebrows and Wrinkle forehead |
| Orbicularis Oculi Function | Close, wink, and squinting eyes |
| Orbicularis Oris Function | Compress, puckers, wrinkles the upper and lower lip |
| Risorius Function | draws lips into the grinning expression |
| Buccinator | compresses cheek, allowing for rapid changes in volume of mouth cavity. |
| Masseter | raises the lower jaw and is used in chewing |
| Temporalis | loses jaw, elevates and retracts mandible |
| Mylohyoid | elevates the hyoid and base of the tongue. Forms the floor of the mouth. |
| Stylohyoid | elevates and retracts the hyoid bone during swallowing. |
| Digastric | elevates the hyoid bone. Depresses the mandible |
| Sternohyoid | depresses the larynx and hyoid bone |
| Sternothyroid | depresses the larynx and hyoid bone |
| Scalenes | elevates ribs 1 and 2, aid in inspiration |
| Splenius | extends or hyperextends the head. rotates head to same side of the muscle. |
| Diaphragm | Respiration, most important muscle in inspiration. |
| Rectus abdominus | flexes and rotates vertebral column. |
| Major pectoralis | rotates the arm |
| Minor pectoralis | rotates the arm |
| Trapezius | raises, rotates, and adducts the arm. |
| T/F Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction. | True |
| T/F There are roughly 100 muscles in the human body | False. There are roughly 640 |
| 9 major muscles of the body | abdominal, pectoral, deltoid, trapezius, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae, biceps, and triceps |
| Functions of the muscular system | Body Movement, body shape, maintaining temperature |
| T/F Fast twitch muscles use less energy | False. Fast twitch muscles use energy in bursts and last longer |
| T/F skeletal muscle is the most abundant form of muscle | True. |
| T/F ATP contains 3 chemical compounds | True. |
| T/F The largest muscle in the body is the bicep | False. The largest muscle in the body is the buttocks |
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cas26118
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