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Muscle System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The ability for a skeletal muscle to shorten with force | Contractility |
| The capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus | Excitability |
| The ability to be stretched | Extensibility |
| Ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched | Elasticity |
| Muscles produce ___________ essential for maintenance of normal body temperature. | Heat |
| Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath call the... | Epimysium |
| The other connective tissue located outside the epimysium is called the... | Fascia |
| The fascia does what | It surrounds and separates muscles |
| A muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles called | Fasciculi |
| Fasciculi are surrounded by loose connective tissue called | Perimysium |
| The fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells called | Fibers |
| Each muscle fiber is a single cylindrical cell containing... | Several nuclei |
| Each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called... | Endomysium |
| The cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with... | Myofibrils |
| What are myofibrils? | They are a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other. |
| What 2 major kinds of protein fibers do Myofibrils consist of... | Actin Myofilaments and Myosin Myofilaments |
| What are Actin Myofilaments? | Thin Myofilaments. They resemble 2 minute (miniature) strands of pearls twisted together. |
| What are Myosin Myofilaments ? | Thick Myofilaments. they resemble bundles of minute (miniature) golf clubs. |
| Actin and Myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units called... | Sarcomeres |
| How do sarcomeres form the myofibril? | They are joined end to end |
| What is the sarcomere? | It is the basic structural and functional unit of muscle. |
| Minute means | Miniature |
| Epi- means | Upon |
| When an action potential reaches the nerve terminal, it causes ________? | Synaptic vesicles to release acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. |
| Synaptic vesicles | They store are neuron transmitters before releasing them into the synapse. |
| What does the acetylcholine do? | It diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the receptor molecules in the muscle cell membrane. |
| What is another word for muscle cell membrane? | Sarcolemma |
| The combination of acetylcholine with its receptor causes... | An influx of sodium ions into the muscle fiber. |
| The influx initiates... | An action potential in the muscle cell, which causes it to contract. |
| The acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell is rapidly broken down by an enzymes ... | Acetylcholinesterase |
| The enzymatic breakdown ensures that one action potential in the neuron yields only one action potential in the... | skeletal muscle, and only one contraction of the muscle cell. |
| Muscle Contraction | Occurs as actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one anthoer causing the sarcomeres to shorten |
| When the sarcomeres shorten what happens | It causes the muscle to shorten |
| Sliding filament mechanism | The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during a contraction. |
| The H bands and I bands shorten... | But the A bands do not change in length. |
| Muscle twitch | Is a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers. |
| A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called... | Threshold |
| threshold is | where the muscle fiber can will contract maximally. |
| The all-or-none response | the end example of what happens in the threshold |
| Lag Phase | the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction |
| Contraction Phase | The time of the contraction |
| Relaxation Phase | The time the muscle relaxes |
| If successive stimuli are given, you successive twitches that occur so frequently ... | The muscle doesn't have time to fully relax. |
| Tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| Recruitment | The increase in the number of motor units being activated |
| ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate |
| ADP | Adenosine Diphosphate |
| What is needed for energy for muscle contraction | ATP |
| Where is ATP produced | The mitochondria |
| what is short lived and unstable | ATP |
| ATP degenerates to the more stable | ADP plus phosphate |
| It is neccessary for muscle cells to constantly produce | ATP |
| They cannot stockpile ATP when | resting |
| Creatine Phosphate | is a high energy molecule that can be stored |
| During periods of inactivity as excess ATP is produced in the muscle cell, the energy contained is used to... | Synthesize creatine phosphate |
| During periods of activity, the energy stored n the creatine phosphate can be... | Acessed quickly and used to produce ATP |
| ATP can be used in | Muscle contraction |
| Anaerobic respiration | without oxygen |
| Aerobic respiration | with oxygen (more efficient) |
| Oxygen debt | the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted store of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells. |
| Muscle fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells |
| 2 types of muscle contractions | Isometric and Isotonic |
| Isometric | (equal distance) the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process |
| Isotonic | (equal tension) the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes |
| Muscle tone | Refers to the constant tension produced by the muscles of the body for long periods of time. Keeps head up and back straight. |
| Fast-twitch fibers | Contract quickly and fatigue quickly. well adapted to perform anaerobic metabolism |
| Example of fast-twitch fibers is | White meat of a chicken's breast |
| Slow-twitch fibers | Contract more slowly and more resistant to fatigue. they are better suited for aerobic metabolism |
| Example of slow-twitch fibers is | Dark meat of a duck's breast or the legs of a chicken |
| Origin | (head) is the most stationary end of the muscle |
| Insertion | Is the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement |
| Belly | The portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion |
| Some muscles have | Multiple origins or head |
| Synergists | Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements |
| Antagonists | Muscles that work in opposition of each other |
Created by:
pmmurra1
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