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muscular system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force | contractility |
| the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus | excitability |
| the ability to be stretched | extensibility |
| ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched | elasticity |
| help produce heat essential for maintenance of normal body temperature | muscles |
| connective tissue sheath surrounding each skeletal muscle | epimysium |
| connective tissue outside the epimysium | fascia |
| lose connective tissue surrounding muscle fasciculi | perimysium |
| single muscle cells that compose fasciculi | fibers |
| a single cylindrical cell containing several nuclei | each muscle fiber |
| connective tissue sheath surrounding each fiber | endomysium |
| a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other | myofibrils |
| thin myofilaments that resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together | actin myofilaments |
| thick myofilaments that resemble bundles of minute golf clubs | myosin myofilaments |
| highly ordered units formed by actin and myosin myofilaments. the basic structural and functional unit of the muscle | sarcomeres |
| sarcomeres joined end to end | myofibril |
| light area on each side of the z line | I band |
| darker central region in each sarcomere | A band |
| light area in the center of each sarcomere and only consists of myosin | H zone |
| dark staining band | M line |
| the charge difference across the membrane | resting membrane potential |
| the brief reversal back of the charge | action potential |
| nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | motor neurons |
| each branch that connects to the muscle | neuromuscular junction |
| a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates | motor unit |
| the enlarged nerve terminal | presynaptic terminal |
| the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell | synaptic cleft |
| the muscle fiber | postsynaptic terminal |
| secrete acetylcholine | synaptic vesicles |
| a neurotransmitter secreted by synaptic vesicles | acetylcholine |
| enzymatic breakdown | acetylcholinesterase |
| the sliding of actin myofilaments past one another causing contraction | sliding filament mechanism |
| a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers | muscle twitch |
| maximally contracted muscle fiber | threshold |
| the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction | lag phase |
| the time of contraction | contraction phase |
| the time during which the muscle relaxes | relaxation phase |
| the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | tetany |
| the increase in number of motor units being activated | recruitment |
| needed for energy for muscle contraction | ATP |
| produced in the mitochondria | ATP |
| stored when muscle cells can't stockpile ATP | creatine phosphate |
| without oxygen | anaerobic respiration |
| with oxygen | aerobic respiration |
| the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells | oxygen debt |
| results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells | muscle fatigue |
| the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction | isometric |
| the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes | isotonic |
| constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time | muscle tone |
| contract quickly and fatigue quickly | fast-twitch fibers |
| contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue | slow-twitch fibers |
| the most stationary end of the muscle | origin |
| the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement | insertion |
| the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion | belly |
| muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements | synergists |
| muscles that work in opposition to one another | antagonists |
| one muscle that plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement | prime mover |
| a single cylindrical cell containing several nuclei | each muscle fiber |
| the basic structural and functional unit of the muscle | sarcomere |
| an attachment site for actin | each Z line |
| gives a banded appearance | arrangement of actin and myosin |
| the outside of most cell membranes | positively charged |
| inside of the cell membrane | negatively charged |
| neuromuscular junction is also called | synapse |
| occurs as actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing the sarcomeres to shorten | muscle contraction |
| successive stimuli are given | successive twitches |
| used to synthesize creatine phosphate | energy contained in ATP |
| respiration rate remains elevated for a period of time | after intense exercise |
| provides the oxygen to pay back the oxygen debt | increased respiration |
| points of attachment of each muscle | origin and insertion |
| tendon | connects muscles to bones |
| have multiple origins and heads | some muscles |
| some muscles are named by their | location, size, orientation of fibers, shape, origin, insertion, and function |
| necessary for muscle cells to constantly produce | ATP |
| when muscle is at rest it can't produce | stockpile ATP |
Created by:
mgdavis9
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