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HHP 1150 Unit 1
Integumentary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define Integument and integumentary system | -skin -system of skin and other structures such as hair, nails, and glands in skin. |
| List 6 functions of the integumentary system | -protection -prevention of H2O loss (oil on skin) -temp regulation -vitamin regulation -immune defense -sensory reception -secretion |
| What is the general structure of the integumentary system? | Integument (skin) sections: epidermis (above dermis) dermis ("skin") (no integument/skin section) (below skin) subcutaneous layer/hypodermis: below dermis |
| How does the epidermis vary throughout the body (hint: layers, strength, skin markings) | -Most have four layers from deep to superficial: stratum... basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum -Areas that need more protection due to friction have stratum lucidum intermediate to granulosum and corenum -various skin markings |
| In the epidermis, where do new cells come from? where do they go? | newest form in stratum basale. As more cells are produced, cells are pushed to surface. Stratum granulosum cells tend to look more dead. Cells in strata lucidum and corneum dead. Those in the corneum are the oldest/most superficial |
| come lets get sun burnt. to remember the stara of the epidemis | -superficial to deep. note STRATUM = layer -stratum corneum -stratum lucidum -stratum granulosum -stratum spinosum --stratum basal |
| Why do some epidermis sections have four strata while others have five? What are these areas called? | -THICK SKIN: areas where there is lots of abrasion (friction) need more protection :. have the fifth layer stratum lucidum intermediate to the corneum and granulosum -THIN SKIN: areas lacking stratum lucidum |
| An epidermis may be unique because it has calluses and blisters. Why would this skin have calluses and blisters? What causes these to occur? | friction. C: long term friction. Body wants to protect areas often exposed to friction by thickening the epidermis B: short term (acute), but more severe friction causes epidermis to separate from dermis. Fluid filled forms between the two layers |
| What are some skin markings that give the epidermis variations? | nevus (mole): areas w lots of melanoctes freckles: areas w very active melantocytes hemangioma: proliferation of blood vessels in epidermis friction ridges: raised areas used to grip (get friction), can be used for ID |
| where do friction ridges occur | epidermis and dermis of palms and soles of feet |
| What is the dermis? how many layers is it made of? What does each layer contain? | Dermis is intermediate to subcutaneous and epidermis (surface) layer. Contains papillary and reticular layers. -Pap layer projects dermal papillae into epidermal ridges -Ret: majority. Blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, nerves |
| Define papillae | little bumps. so dermal papillae= little bumps on dermis |
| The dermis contains blood vessels that are constantly regulated to increase/decrease blood flow. Why is this important? | -blood flow to dermis=supply nutrients to avascular (no vessels) epidermis -vasoconstriction and dilation regulate body temperature |
| how does vasoconstriction and vasodilation affect body temperature? | constrict: small diameter= less blood mvmt-blood stays more deep= heat retained in body contract: increase diameter= more blood mvmt=blood reaches and is release through surface (feel hot or flushed) |
| What is the subcutaneous layer? What is its functions? | AKA hypodermis. Deep to integument, separate structure in integumentary system. -protects underlying structures, stores E, thermal insulation |
| define epidermal derivatives (AKA epidermal appendages) | integumentary structures derived from the epidermis. Structures include nails, hair, and exocrine glands in skin |
| Nails are an epidermal derivative (appendage). Of the epidermis, what specifically are nails derived from? | scale-like modifications of the stratum corneum (most superficial and most dead) |
| What are the functions of nails? | -protect dorsal tips of fingers and toes -help with grasp |
| List the structures found in nails. see slide and be able to label structures | -nail root -nail bed -nail groove -nail fold -cuticle -body -lunula/lunule -free edge - |
| According to lecture, describe nail root | most proximal, produces new nail cells (:.area has the youngest cells) |
| According to lecture, describe nail bed | skin deep to nail |
| According to lecture, describe nail groove | indentation of each side where skin meets nail |
| According to lecture, describe nail fold | skin lateral to groove |
| According to lecture, describe cuticle (of nails) | layer of clear skin located along the proximal end finger or toe (nail bed) |
| According to lecture, describe body (of nails) | everything but the nail root |
| According to lecture, describe lunula/lunule | white half moon shaped area of nail body deep to cuticle. not everyone has this. |
| According to lecture, describe free edge (of nails) | most distal area of nail body that is lifted from finger or toe. The section you cut or file. |
| We study hair anatomy with two views. What are they? What structure characteristics does each view show? | two views: longitudinal (hair zones: shows root, shaft, bulb) and cross sectional (hair layers: medulla, cortex, cuticle) |
| List (deep to superficial) and describe the structures of a hair in each view (longitudinal and cross sectional) | longitudinal shows Zones -shaft: hair formed by hair cells -root: deep, produces new hair cells -bulb: region ON HAIR containing root cross sectional shows Layers -medulla: inner layer -cortex: intermediate -cuticle: outer layer |
| describe the structures of a hair (do not include layers). see slide and be able to label structures | -shaft: hair formed by hair cells -root: deep, produces new hair cells -bulb: region ON HAIR containing root -follicle: space hair is located -arrector pili muscles: muscle attached to base of follicle and dermis tissue |
| List the functions of hair | -protection -heat retention -sensory reception -visual identification |
| Exocrine glands are derivatives of the epidermis (AKA an epidermal appendage). What are the two main types of exocrine glands found in the skin? | -sweat (sudoriferous) -sebaceous |
| Two are two types of sweat (sudoriferous) glands (SG). What are they, what is their structure, what do they secrete? | Merocrine/eccrine SG -duct from dermis to sweat pore -watery sweat Apocrine SG -ducts open into hair follicles, specifically in armpits and genital -thick, cloudy sweat (contains fats, proteins, etc) |
| What are the two functions of sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)? | thermoregulation and protection |
| How do sebaceous glands and sudoriferous glands differ? | -sweat glands secrete SWEAT containing water or nutrients for thermoregulation and protection. -sebaceous glands secrete SEBUM to hair or skin to prevent bacteria from enter and to retain water |
| What are the functions of sebaceous glands? | secrete sebum (oily substance) into hair follicles or directly onto skin surface |
| What happens to sebaceous glands when blocked? | will continue producing sebum, growing a mass until can escape superficially. Visual effects of blocked sebaceous glands is called Acne. |
| What causes skin color variations? | skin color is determined by three pigments: -hemoglobin (red pgmnt in RBC, brought close to surface when hot, flushed look) -melanin (brown pgmnt, most active production in UV light) -carotene (yellow-orange pgmnt, builds up in subcutaneuous layer) |
| How does the integumentary system change with age? Hint: What structures (follicle, fiber composition, etc contribute to the in skin, hair, nails, glands. Picture a senior. How do they look different. How would this relate to integumentary structures? | -slower repair -collagen (elasticity) decrease -weaker immune response -less sweat :. drier -less melanocytes :. gray hair, dark spots -hair follicle output decreases -Vit D synth decrease -UV damages cell DNA |
| Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer. What are the three main types of skin cancer. Note frequency in cases, fatality rate, origin) | -Basal Cell Carcinoma (most common, least dangerous) -Squamous Cell Carcinoma (may metastasize AKA spread to other sites) -Malignant Melanoma (most deadly. Begins in melanocytes :. check areas of high melanocyte concentration AKA moles) |
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kellyyrosse
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