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Skeletal System 1
The Skeletal System; basics and axial
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many bones are there in the human body? | 206 |
| What are the two sections of the skeleton, and how many bones do they contain? | Axial: 80 Appendicular: 126 |
| What comprises the axial skaleton? | Skull, vertebral column, ribcage |
| What comprises the appendicular skeleton? | Upper/lower limbs, Pectoral/pelvic girdles |
| What makes up the skull? | Cranial, facial, and tongue bones, paranasal sinuses |
| What does the skull house sensory organs for? | Sight Sound Balance Smell Taste |
| What are the three parts of the cranium? | Anterior, middle, and posterior fossa |
| How many cranial bones are there? | 8 |
| What are the paired cranial bones? | Parietal and temporal bones |
| What are the unpaired cranial bones? | Frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones |
| What is the foramen magnum and where is it found? | A large hole at the base of the occipital bone for the passage of CNS |
| Where are occipital condyles found? Why are they there? | On either side of the foramen magnum, function as sites of articulation with first cervical vertebra |
| What is an external occipital protuberance ? Where is it found? | A projection from the occipital bone from the back of the skull (more prominent in males) for the attachment of muscles |
| What are the 4 cranial sutures? Where are they found? | Coronal suture between frontal bone and 2 parietal bones Squamous suture between parietal bone and temporal bone Lambdoid suture between occipital bone and 2 parietal bones Sagittal suture between 2 parietal bones |
| What are the functions of the facial bones? | Form the framework of the face Anchor the facial muscles (expression) Secure teeth Contain cavities for sensory organs (sight, smell, taste) Provide openings for passage of food and air |
| Where are the paranasal sinuses located? | In the frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones |
| What is the function of the paranasal sinuses? | Mucosa-lined, air-filled spaces connecting to the nasal cavity for warming/humidifying incoming air, lightening skull, and enhancing resonance for voice |
| How many facial bones are there? | 14 |
| What are the unpaired facial bones? | mandible, vomer |
| What are the paired facial bones? | Maxillae, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, inferior conchae |
| What are the 3 parts of temporal bones? | Squamous, Tympanic, Petrous |
| What 3 things does the Petrous part of the temporal bone form? | mastoid process, styloid process, and several foramina |
| What are the 3 projections of the sphenoid bone? | Greater wing, lesser wing, pterygoid process |
| Name the parts of the ethmoid bone | Cribriform plate, perpendicular plate, crista galli, lateral masses, medially located superior/middle nasal conchae, laterally located orbital plates |
| What bones form the orbitals? | Zygomatic, frontal, maxilla, ethmoid, lacrimal, sphenoid, and palatine bones |
| What bone markings does the mandible contain? | Mandibular notch, coronoid process, mandibular condyle, alveolar margin, mandibular foramina, mental foramina |
| What does the alveolar margin contain? | contains tooth sockets |
| How much of the hard palate does the palatine process for the maxillary bones form? | 2/3 |
| What bone markings do the maxillary bones contain? | Incisive fossa, frontal processes, zygomatic processes, maxillary sinus in main portion of bone on each side |
| What is a common site of infection on maxillary bones | Maxillary sinuses |
| What is the function of the tongue bone | Contains the hyoid bone with 2 pairs of horns to support the tongue and other muscles for speaking, eating, and swallowing |
| How many bones are in the vertebral column? | 32-33 |
| How are the bones of the vertebral column divided? | 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 2-4 coccygeal |
| How long on average is the vertebral column | 70cm |
| How many bones in the vertebral column allow movement | 24 |
| There are 8-9 bones in the vertebral column not intended for movement. What is their purpose? | Weight-bearing, anchor for muscles and ligaments, and protection of spinal cord |
| Does concave curvature curve anteriorly or posteriorly? | Anteriorly |
| Does convex curvature curve anteriorly or posteriorly? | Posteriorly |
| State the curvature of the cervical, thoracic, and sacral sections of the vertebral column | Cervical: concave Thoracic: convex Sacral: concave |
| What is lordosis caused by? | Exaggeration of the convex thoracic curvature |
| What is the condition when curvature of the vertebral column is lateral instead of anterior/posterior? | Scoliosis |
| What are the two supporting elements of the vertebral column? | Ligaments and intervertebral discs |
| What are the major supporting ligaments of the vertebral column? Briefly describe their structure and function. | Anterior: broad, attached to bony vertebrae and discs, prevent hyperextension of spine Posterior: Narrow, attaches only to discs, prevents hyperflexion of spine |
| Where are longitudinal ligaments found on the vertebral column? | Forming continuous bands down the front and back of vertebral bodies from neck to sacrum |
| How much of the vertebral column length is made of intervertebral discs? | 25% |
| What is the function of intervertebral discs? | Provide cushioning between bony vertebral bodies |
| What is the structure of the intervertebral discs? | Each disc is circular with a central nucleus pulposus (elastic and compressible) and an annulus fibrosus around the periphery (attached to adjacent vertebrae) which is largest in cervical and lumbar regions |
| What causes a herniated disc? | When a portion of the nucleus pulposus pushes through a crack in the annulus and then may compress a spinal nerve |
| Name the 7 processes emerging from each vertebral arch | 1 Spinous 2 transverse Paired superior and inferior articular processes |
| What is the function of the demi and articular processes/facets? | Articulation with adjacent vertebrae and ribs |
| What is the name of C1, and what are its unique features? | Atlas. No interverbal disc, no body or spinous process, has posterior/anterior arches containing facets for articulating with the occipital condyles |
| What is the name of C2, and what are is unique features? | Axis. Shaper intermediate between atlas and a typical vertebrae. Has a dens (odontoid process) which allows rotation of the head |
| What distinguishes C3-C7 from the other spinal vertebrae? | Short spinous processes with a split (except for C7), and transverse foramen for passage of the vertebral artery to the brain |
| What are the key features of thoracic vertebrae? | Demi-facets on adjacent vertebrae for head of ribs, transverse process facets for articulation with tubercles of ribs (except T11/12), long spinous process angled caudally |
| What are the key features of lumbar vertebrae? | Pedicles and laminae are shorter/thicker, spinous processes flat, short, and project directly back, inferior facets orientated laterally, superior facts orientated medially |
| What is special about the 5 sacral vertebrae? | They are fused, L5 articulates with hip bones |
| What is the sacral prmontory | A ridge found at the antero-superior aspect of the sacrum |
| What are sacral foramina equivalent to? | Interverbal foramina for the passage of nerves |
| What is the dorsal midline ridge of bone formed by the fusion of spinous processes called? | Median sacral crest |
| What is the caudal opening of the vertebral canal called? | Sacral hiatus |
| What vertebrae form the tailbone? | 3-4 coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx) |
| What 3 components and specific type of vertebrae make up the thorax? | Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilage, and sternum |
| What 3 bones fuse to form the sternum? What bones do they articulate with? | Manubrium (1st ribs, clavicles) Body (ribs 2-7) Xiphoid (none; muscles) |
| What are the 3 important anatomical landmarks of the sternum? | jugular notch (aligned with T2-3) sternal angle (cartilaginous hinge between manubrium and body) xiphisterna joint (fusion of body with xiphoid process, aligned with T9) |
| How many ribs are in the human thorax? | 24 - 12 per side |
| Where do ALL ribs attach to? | At the back to the vertebral column - curve inferiorly and anteriorly |
| How many ribs (one side) are true ribs? | 7 |
| How many ribs (one side) are false ribs? | 5 |
| Where do ribs 8-10 attach | To the sternum indirectly via costal cartilages to rib 7 |
| Where do ribs 11-12 attach? | Not attached anteriorly (floating ribs) |
| What is the basic structure of a rib? | bowed flat bone with a head, neck, tubercle, and shaft |
| Where do the heads of ribs articulate? | With the demi-facets of the same-numbered thoracic vertebrae, and the one adjacent to it (above) |
| Where does the tubercle of a rib articulate? | The transverse process of the same-numbered thoracic vertebrae |
| What is a costal groove? | A groove on the inferior inner surface of the body of a rib o accommodate the intercostal neurovascular bundle |
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eetch050
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