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A&P Exam 1
Weeks 1-3
| What is homeostasis? | Maintaining a state of equilibrium in the body even though their are continuous changes in the outside world |
| What is positive feedback? | When the initial response enhances the original stimulus so further responses are even greater |
| What is negative feedback? | When the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus and reduces its intensity |
| Known requirements for life | Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth |
| Survival needs | Nutrients, oxygen, normal body temp, appropriate atmospheric pressure |
| What is the effector role in homeostasis? | receives output from control center, responses induces or reduces stimulus |
| What is the control center role in homeostasis? | determines the set point, receives input from receptor, determines a response |
| What is the receptor role in homeostasis? | monitors the environment, responds to stimuli, first step |
| What organs are in the axial division of the body? | Head, neck and trunk |
| What organs are in the Appendicular division of the body? | Limbs (legs and arms) |
| What is the cell theory? | All cells arise from other preexisting cells |
| What are extracellular materials? | Interstitial fluid, blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid |
| Main components of the cell | Plasma membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm |
| What is the sagittal plane? | Divides the body into right and left parts |
| What is the frontal or coronal plane? | Divides the body vertically, anterior and posterior parts |
| What is the transverse plane? | Divides the body horizontally, superior and inferior parts |
| What makes up the dorsal cavity? | Cranial (Encases the brain) and Vertebral (Encases spinal cord) |
| What makes up the ventral cavity? | Thoracic (Two pleural cavities, mediastinum: pericardial(heart), surrounds thoracic organs, esophagus and trachea etc.) and Abdominopelvic (stomach, intestines, spleen, liver and Pelvic cavity: urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum) |
| What is the lipid bilayer consisted of? | Phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol |
| What is an integral protein? | Firmly inserted into membrane, have hydrophobic and hydrophillic regions |
| What is a peripheral protein? | Loosely attached to integral proteins and include fillaments on intracellular surface. (Function as enzymes, motor proteins and cell to cell connection) |
| What is a tight junction? | Integral proteins on adjacent cell fuse to form an impermeable junction that encircles whole cell |
| What is a desmosome? | Rivet like cell junction formed when linker proteins (caherins) of neighboring cells interlock like the teeth of a zipper (allows "give") |
| What is a gap junction? | Forming tunnels to allow small molecules to pass, spread ions, simple sugars and allows electrical signals to be passed quickly (cardiac and smooth muscle cells) |
| What is diffusion? | Simple, carrier and osmosis |
| What is filtration? | Type of transport that usually occurs across capillary walls |
| What is primary active transport? | Requires energy coming directly from ATP hydrolysis |
| What is secondary active transport? | Requires energy obtained indirectly from iconic gradients created by primary active transport |
| What is vesicular transport? | Involves the transport of large particles, endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| Ribosome | Site of protein synthesis (free ribosomes, membrane bound ribosomes) |
| Rough ER | site of synthesis of proteins that will be secreted from cells, and many plasma membrane proteins and phospholipids |
| Smooth ER | network of looped tubules, lipid metabolism, absorption, detoxification, converting glycogen to glucose and store and release calcium |
| Peroxisomes | Has detoxifying substances that neutralize toxins |
| Lysosomes | Has digestive enzymes, injest bacteria, viruses and toxins, autolysis |
| Cytoskeleton | Contains microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules |
| Cilia and flagella | aid in the movement of the cell of materials across the surface of the cell |
| Microvilli | finger-like projections that extend from the surface of the cell to increase surface area |
| Cell Cycle | Interphase, Mitotic phase (PMAT), G1, S, G2 |
| What is autophagy? | Cells that have become obsolete or damaged need to. be taken out of system (cell-eating) |
| What does ubiquitin do? | Marks unneeded, misfolded, damaged proteins for destruction |
| What do proteasomes do? | They disassemble ubiquitin-tagged proteins for recycling the amino acids |
| What is apoptosis? | Programmed cell death |
| What is hyperplasia? | Accelerated growth that increases cell numbers when needed |
| What is atrophy? | a decrease in size that results from loss of stimulation or use |
| Cell aging theories | mitochondrial theory of aging, immune system disorders and genetic theory |
| Epithelial tissue | a sheet of cells that covers the body surfaces or cavities, with main functions: protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion and sensory reception |
| Apical Surface | upper free side, exposed to surface or cavity |
| Basale surface | lower attached side, faces inward toward body |
| Simple Squamous Epithelial | absorption, secretion, filtration (flattened cells, cytoplasm is sparse, kidneys, lungs, endothelium, mesothelium) |
| Simple Cuboidal Epithelial | single layer of cells, secretion and absorption, forms walls of small ducts of glands and many kidney tubules |
| Simple Columnar epithelial | single layer of tall, closely packed cells, absorption and secretion and found in digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands, bronchi and uterine tubes |
| Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelial | Cells varying in height and appear to be multi-layered, involved in secretion, movement and in upper respiratory tract |
| Stratified squamous epithelial | involves two or more layers of cells, durable and located in the skin |
| Stratified cuboidal epithelial | rare, sweat and mammary glands, two cell layers thick |
| Stratified columnar epithelial | limited in distribution in the body, pharynx, male urethra and lining some glandular ducts |
| Transitional epithelial | forms the lining of the urinary organs (bladder, uterus, and urethra), allows cell to change shape |
| Glandular epithelia | one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion |
| What is an endocrine gland? | internally secreting (hormones), ductless, exocytosis |
| What is an exocrine gland? | externally secreting (sweat), into ducts, sweat, oil, salivary glands |
| Three main elements of connective tissue | ground substance, fibers and cells |
| Collagen fibers | strongest and most abundant, provides high tensile strength |
| Elastic fibers | networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil |
| Reticular fibers | short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers |
| Areolar Connective Tissue | most widely distributed, supports and binds other tissues |
| Adipose tissue | white fat, adipocytes, scanty matrix, richly vascurized, brown fat |
| Reticular Connective Tissue | mesh-like stroma, supports lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow |
| dense regular connective tissue | very high tensile strength, great resistance to pulling, poorly vascurized, very few cells and ground substance (tendons and ligaments) |
| dense irregular connective tissue | thicker collagen fibers, sheets rather than bundles, found in dermis, fibrous joint capsules, fibrous coverings of some organs |
| elastic connective tissue | walls of arteries, some ligaments so they can stretch |
| Hyaline cartilage | most abundant and found in tips of long bones, nose, trachea, larynx and cartilage of the ribs |
| Elastic cartilage | similar to hyaline but with more elastic fibers, found in ears and epiglottis |
| Fibrocartilage | strong, so found in areas such as intervertebral discs and knee |
| Bone (osseous tissue) | supports and protects body structures, stores fat and synthesizes blood cells in cavities |
| Osteoblasts | produce matrix |
| Osteocytes | maintain the matrix (sits in lacunae) |
| Osteons | individual structural units |
| Blood | fluid, consists of cells surrounded by matrix (plasma), helps transport and carry nutrients, waste, gas, and other substances |
| Skeletal muscle tissue | attached to and causes movement of bones, voluntary and cells are called muscle fibers (multiple nuclei, straited) |
| Cardiac muscle tissue | only in walls of the heart, involuntary, has one nucleus, straited |
| Smooth muscle tissue | found in walls of hollow organs, involuntary and has spindle-shaped cells with one nucleus |
| Nervous tissue | main components of brain, spinal cord and nerves. Neurons: specialized nerve cells (support, insulate and protect neurons) |
| Cutaneous membrane | skin, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis attached to a dermis), very dry |
| mucous membranes | lines the body cavities that are open to the exterior, bathed by secretions, lies over lamina propria |
| serous membranes | rests on thin areolar connective tissue |
| steps to tissue repair | inflammation, organization restores blood supply, regeneration and fibrosis |
| epidermis | superficial region |
| dermis | underlies epidermis |
| hypodermis (superficial fascia) | subcutaneous layer deep to skin |
| kerinocytes | produce keratin, major cells of epidermis |
| melanocytes | spider-shaped cells, located deepest in the epidermis |
| dendritic cells (langerhans) | star-shaped macrophages that patrol deep epidermis (key activators of immune system) |
| tactile cells (merkel) | sensory receptors that sense touch |
| five layers of skin | stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), stratum corneum |
| Two layers of dermis? | Papillary and reticular |
| what is the dermal papillae? | superficial region of the dermis that sends fingerlike projections up into the epidermis |
| What are cleavage tension lines? | in the reticular layer and are caused by many collagen fibers running parallel to skin surface (helps surgeons make incisions) |
| What are flexure lines? | dermal folds at or near joints, ex. palm lines |
| what are the three parts of the hair shaft? | medulla, cortex and cuticle |
| Nail matrix | thickened portion of bed responsible for nail growth |
| nail folds | skins folds that overlap border of nail |
| eponychium | nail folds that project onto surface of nail body (cuticle) |
| hyponychium | area under free edge of plate that accumulates dirt |
| Sudoriferous glands | eccrine (sweat glands, palms, soles, forehead) and apocrine (sweat glands, ceremonious and mammary) are the two types |
| Sebaceous (oil) glands | secrete sebum, inactive until puberty |
| functions of the skin | protection, body temp. and regulation, cutaneous sensations, metaboloic functions, blood reservoir and excretion of wastes |
| What is basale cell carcinoma? | least malignant and most common, strtum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade dermis and hypodermis |
| What is squamous cell carcinoma? | second most common type, can metastasize, involved keratinocytes of stratum spinosum, scaly reddened papule |
| What is a melanoma? | most dangerous, resistant to chemotherapy |
| Types of burns and how deep | 1st degree: epidermal damage, 2nd degree: epidermal and upper dermal, 3rd degree: entire thickness of the skin |
Created by:
Ltw1115
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