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Muscular system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Myology | scientific study of muscles |
| skeletal muscle tissue | striated voluntary controlled by somatic nervous system moves the bones of the skeleton |
| cardiac muscle tissue | striated involuntary found only in the heart regulated by the autonomic nervous system |
| autorythmicity | built-in rhythm that initiates every contraction |
| smooth muscle tissue | non-striated found in walls of hollow internal structures blood vessels airways most organs in abdominopelvic cavity regulated by the autonomic nervous system and by hormones released by endocrine glands |
| Functions of Muscular Tissue | 1. Producing body movements 2. Stabilizing body positions. 3. Storing and moving substances within the body 4. Generating heat |
| thermogenesis | production of heat e.g. muscle contraction, shivering |
| Properties of Muscular Tissue | 1. Electrical excitability - to respond to stimuli 2. Contractility - to generate tension 3. Extensibility - to stretch without breaking 4. Elasticity - to return to its original length |
| Action Potential | electrical signals |
| 2 kinds of stimuli | 1. auto-rhythmic - arises in muscular tissue 2. chemical stimuli - released by neurons, hormones in blood, change in pH |
| subcutaneous layer or hypodermis | separates the muscle from the skin composed of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue pathway for nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels to enter and exit the muscles |
| fascia | a dense sheet or broad band of irregular connective tissue that lines the body wall and limbs and supports and surrounds muscles and other organs of the body |
| Fibromyalgia | a chronic, painful, nonarticular rheumatic disorder that affects the fibrous connective tissue components of muscles, tendons, and ligaments. |
| Epimysium | the outer layer, encircling the entire muscle. It consists of dense irregular connective tissue. |
| Perimysium | a layer of dense irregular connective tissue, but it surrounds groups of 10 to 100 or more muscle fibers, separating them into bundles called fascicles |
| fascicles | little bundles of muscle fibers 10 to 100 or more muscle fibers |
| Endomysium | the interior of each fascicle and separates individual muscle fibers from one another. The endomysium is mostly reticular fibers. |
| What are the 3 layers of connective tissue extend from the fascia to protect and strengthen skeletal muscles? | 1. epimysium 2. perimysium 3. endomysium |
| tendon | connective tissue layers that extend beyond the muscle fibers that attaches a muscle to the periosteum of a bone |
| aponeurosis | connective tissue elements that extend as a broad, flat sheet example is the epicranial aponeurosis on top of the skull between the frontal and occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle |
| somatic motor neurons | stimulate skeletal muscle to contract |
| diameter of a mature skeletal muscle fiber | 10 to 100 nanometer |
| length of a mature skeletal muscle fiber | 10 cm or 4 inches some are 30 cm or 12 inches |
| When does skeletal muscle fibers develop? | During embryonic development form the fusion of a hundred or more small mesodermal cells called myoblasts The number of muscle fibers are already set before we are born |
| Sarcolemma | the plasma membrane of a muscle cell The multiple nuclei of a skeletal muscle fiber are located just beneath the sarcolemma |
| transverse (T) tubules | tiny invaginations of the sarcolemma, tiny pouches or cavities filled with interstitial fluid Muscle action potentials travel along the sarcolemma and through the T tubules, |
| sarcoplasm | the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber. Sarcoplasm includes a substantial amount of glycogen, which is a large molecule composed of many glucose molecules the sarcoplasm contains a red-colored protein called myoglobin |
| myoglobin | red-colored protein found only in muscle binds oxygen molecules that diffuse into muscle fibers from interstitial fluid Myoglobin releases oxygen when it is needed by the mitochondria for ATP production |
| myofibrils | little muscle fibers the contractile organelles of the skeletal muscle 2 nanometer in diameter extends the entire length of the muscle fiber makes the skeletal muscle fiber appear striped or striated |
| sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) | a fluid-filled system of membranous sacs that encircle each myofibril similar to ER in non-muscular cells |
| Muscular Hypertrophy | The muscle growth that occurs after birth occurs by enlargement of existing muscle fibers. can be achieved from very forceful, repetitive muscular activity, such as strength training |
| Fibrosis | the replacement of muscle fibers by fibrous scar tissue it is when the number of new skeletal muscle fibers that can be formed by satellite cells is not enough to compensate for significant skeletal muscle damage or degeneration |
| Muscular Atrophy | a decrease in size of individual muscle fibers as a result of progressive loss of myofibrils |
| denervation atrophy | happens when the nerve supply is cut or disrupted effects are irreversible muscle is replaced by fibrous connective tissue |
| disuse atrophy | happens when muscles are not used effects are reversible |
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