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USG Chapter 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a type of organization, either in government or the private sector, having the following features: a clear formal structure, a division of labor, and a set of rules and procedures by which it operates | bureaucracy |
| the administrators and skilled, expert workers who carry out many specific tasks of the bureaucracy | bureaucrats |
| the practice of awarding government jobs as political rewards to people who supported the president’s policies or the president’s election campaign | spoils system |
| the group of nonmilitary government workers who carry out the work of the federal government | civil service |
| government agencies that operate separately from the executive departments and are established to address issues that have become too complicated or require too much specialized knowledge to handle through regular legislation | independent agencies |
| government agencies established to oversee and manage a specific aspect of the federal government | independent executive agencies |
| government agencies established to regulate some aspect of the economy | independent regulatory commissions |
| made up of members from both major political parties | bipartisan |
| government agencies that are organized and run like businesses but are owned in whole or in part by the federal government | government corporations |
| a tax on a person’s or corporation’s income | income tax |
| a tax whose rates increase as the amount that is subject to taxation increases | progressive tax |
| money that is withheld from a person’s paycheck by his or her employer | payroll tax |
| a tax that has a greater impact on lower-income earners than on upper-income earners | regressive tax |
| a tax that is applied at the same rate against all income | proportional tax |
| a financial instrument by which a borrower agrees to pay back borrowed money, plus interest, at a future date | bond |
| the total amount of money that the government has borrowed and not yet repaid | federal debt |
| spending mandated by laws and not subject to the annual budget process | mandatory spending |
| spending subject to the annual budget process | discretionary spending |
| a government’s policy of taxation and spending | fiscal policy |
| a government’s policy of regulating the money in circulation and the interest rates at which money is borrowed | monetary policy |
| A bureaucracy is any organization, either in government or the private sector, which has a clear, formal structure, a division of labor, and | operates under a set of rules and procedures. |
| What typically happens to the federal bureaucracy when a new president takes office? | Top administrators are replaced but most employees keep their jobs. |
| The spoils system led to which problem? | The federal bureaucracy remained inexperienced and inefficient |
| Which event spurred civil service reform efforts and led to the Pendleton Civil Service Act? | assassination of President James Garfield |
| What proportion of federal jobs are currently protected by civil service regulations? | 90 percent |
| The Food and Drug Administration is a division of which executive department? | Health and Human Services |
| How is the leadership of an independent executive agency like the National Aeronautics and Space Administration chosen? | The president names an administrator with the consent of the Senate. |
| What is the job of independent regulatory commissions? | setting and enforcing rules to regulate some aspect of the economy |
| Predict what would most likely happen if the Federal Communications Commission lifted all restrictions on the use of obscenities over radio and television stations. | Congress would override the decision and reimpose restrictions on obscenity |
| The payroll tax for Social Security is a regressive tax because | it is collected on income only up to a certain level |
| The gift tax is designed to prevent people from avoiding payment of what other tax? | estate tax |
| What is the main role of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in budget making? | drafting a complete budget for the president to submit to Congress |
| Unlike the Budget Committees, the Appropriations Committees | draw up detailed laws for revenue and spending. |
| Federal monetary policy is controlled by | an independent regulatory commission. |
| Predict what would happen if the Federal Reserve lowered the interest rate it charges the nation’s banks. | The monetary supply would increase, stimulating the economy. |
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