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FOHA
Week 2 Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Study of the structure/ morphology of the human body and its part. Derived from Greek word meaning "a cutting up" | Anatomy |
| It is the study of the macroscopic structure and function of the body as it relates to the practice of medicine and other health sciences. | Clinical Anatomy |
| Gross Anatomy, Histology, Radiographic Anatomy, Surface Anatomy, Systemic Anatomy and Regional Anatomy, Cytology, Developmental anatomy, Embryology, Pathological anatomy | Different Fields/ Subdivisions of Anatomy |
| It is the standard reference position of the body used to describe the location of structures. | Anatomical Position |
| Body upright, Standing erect facing the observer, Head and Eyes facing forward, upper limbs at the side, palms facing forward, Feet are flat on the floor and forward | Anatomical Position |
| Coronal (Frontal) Plane, Sagittal Plane - Midsagittal and Parasagittal, and Transverse (Horizontal) Plane, Oblique | Anatomical Planes/ Body Sections |
| Oriented vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts. | Coronal (Frontal) Plane |
| Oriented vertically, but are at right angles to the coronal planes and divide the body into right and left parts. The plane that passes through the center of the body dividing it into equal right and left halves is termed the median sagittal plane. | Sagittal Plane |
| Divide the body into superior and inferior parts. | Transverse (Horizontal) Plane |
| Cutting half the body (left and right) equally | Midsagittal Plane |
| Cutting half the body (left and right) unequally | Parasagittal Plane |
| Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal), Medial and lateral, Superior and inferior, Proximal and distal, Cranial and caudal, Superficial and deep, Prone and Supine, Unilateral and bilateral, Rostral | Directional Terms |
| Describe the position of structures relative to the 'front' and 'back' of the body. | Anterior (ventral) and Posterior (dorsal) |
| Also known as Ventral or Front | Anterior |
| Also known as Dorsal or Back | Posterior |
| Describe the position of structures relative to the median sagittal plane and the sides of the body. | Medial and Lateral |
| It's direction is towards the midline of the body | Medial |
| It's direction is towards the side, or away from the midline of the body | Lateral |
| Describe structures in reference to the vertical axis of the body. | Superior and Inferior |
| Latin word meaning "above". Towards the body. Also known as Cranial | Superior |
| Latin word "inferus" meaning "below". Towards to the bottom of the body. Also known as Caudal | Inferior |
| Used with reference to being closer or farther from a structure's origin, particularly in the limbs. | Proximal and Distal |
| Closer to the trunk of the body than another part | Proximal |
| Farther from the trunk, or the point of origin of the body than another part | Distal |
| (towards the head) and (towards the tail) are sometimes used instead of superior and inferior respectively | Cranial and Caudal |
| These terms are used to describe the relative positions of two structures with respect to the surface of the body. | Superficial and Deep |
| On the surface or shallow | Superficial |
| Away from the surface or further into the body | Deep |
| Lying face up Palms facing anterior | Supine |
| Lying face down and Palms facing posterior | Prone |
| Pertaining to one side of the body or two sides of the body | Unilateral and Bilateral |
| Pertaining to one side of the body | Unilateral |
| Pertaining to two sides of the body | Bilateral |
| Same side of the body (superior and inferior) | Ipsilateral |
| Opposite side of the body | Contralateral |
| From atoms -> molecules -> macromolecules -> organelles -> cells -> tissues -> organ -> organ system -> organism | Hierarchy of the Body or the Level of Organization |
| Passing through the midpoint between the ASIS and symphysis pubis | Two Vertical Lines |
| Upper horizontal line or subcostal plane and the intertubercular plane or referred as the lowest horizontal line | Two Horizontal Lines |
| RL hypochondriac, Epigastric, RL Lumbar, Umbilical, RL Iliac or Inguinal, and Hypogastric of Pubic | Regions of Abdominal Area |
| What Quadrant of Abdominal Area contains the ff: Liver, Right Lobe, Gall Bladder, Bile Duct, Transverse Colon (cut), and Ascending Colon | Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) |
| What Quadrant of Abdominal Area contains the ff: Cecum, Vermiform Appendix | Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) |
| What Quadrant of Abdominal Area contains the ff: Left Lobe, Stomach (cut), Spleen, Duodenum, Pancreas, Pancreatic Duct, and Descending Colon | Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) |
| What Quadrant of Abdominal Area contains the ff: Small Intestine, Rectum, and Anus | Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) |
| Organs including; Bones, Ligaments and Cartilage | Skeletal System |
| Provide framework (support), Protect soft tissues, Provide movement and attachment to muscles, Produce blood cells, Store inorganic salt, Mineral Storage | Skeletal System |
| Organs including; Muscles (skeletal, cardiac, and smoot) | Muscular System |
| Provide structure, support, maintain posture, moves trunk and limbs | Muscular System |
| Organs including; Heart, Arteries, Capillaries, Veins | Circulatory/Cardiovascular System |
| Transport nutrients and wastes to and from all body, Move blood through blood vessels. Path of Blood: Heart to the body to the heart to lungs | Circulatory/Cardiovascular System |
| Organs including; Air passages, Lungs, Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi | Respiratory System |
| Exchange of gases between air and blood. Carries air into and out of lungs, where gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide). Exchange of Gases: Oxygen (O2)IN, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) OUT | Respiratory System |
| Organs including; Lymph nodes and vessels, white blood cells | Immune System |
| Provides protection against infection and disease | Immune System |
| Organs including; Mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines, gall bladder, salivary glands | Digestive System |
| Stores and digests food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates wastes. Path of Food: MOUTH • ESOUAGHUS • STOMACH • SMALL INTESTINE • LARGER INTESTINE • ANUS | Digestive System |
| Organs including; Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, skin, lungs | Urinary/Excretory System |
| Eliminates waste; maintains water and chemical balance | Urinary/Excretory System |
| Organs including; Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs, receptors | Nervous System |
| Controls and coordinates body movements and senses; controls consciousness and creativity; helps monitor and maintain other body systems | Nervous System |
| Organs including; Glands (such as adrenal, thyroid, and pancreas), hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, GONAD | Endocrine System |
| Maintains homeostasis; regulates metabolism, water and mineral balance, growth and sexual development, and reproduction, Control metabolic activities of the body | Endocrine System |
| Organs including; Ovaries, uterus, mammary glands, clitoris, vulva, vagina (females), testes, scrotum, epididymis, ductus deferentia, bulbourethra (males) | Reproductive System |
| Produces offspring, support development of an embryo, produce and maintain sperm cell | Reproductive System |
| Study about Skin, Hair, Nails, Sweat Glands | Integumentary System |
| Protects tissue, Regulates body temperature, Support Sensory Receptors | Integumentary System |
| Front (anterior) body trunk from the ribs to the hips, Midsection | Abdominal Region |
| Anterior surface of the elbow, Inside | Antecubital Region |
| Armpit | Axillary Region |
| Upper arm (shoulder to elbow) | Brachial Region |
| Cheeks | Buccal Region |
| Wrist | Carpal Region |
| Neck Region | Cervical Region |
| Lateral area of the shoulder (caused by underlying deltoid muscle), Uppermost part of the arm and the top of the shoulder | Deltoid Region |
| Fingers and toes (also called phalangeal) | Digital Region |
| Thigh | Femoral Region |
| Area where thigh meets body trunk (groin region - think underwear line), lower belly | Inguinal Region |
| Breast | Mammary Region |
| Chest (muscle) | Pectoral Region |
| Hand | Manus/ Manual Region |
| Nose | Nasal Region |
| Mouth | Oral Region |
| Eyes | Orbital/ Ocular Region |
| Anterior knee region (kneecap) | Patellar Region |
| Hips and lower abdomen (between abdominal and inguinal regions), Area between hipbones | Pelvic Region |
| Lateral side of (lower) leg | Peroneal Region |
| Genital Region | Pubic Region |
| Breastbone Region | Sternal Region |
| Ankle | Tarsal Region |
| Chest | Thoracic Region |
| Navel/belly button region | Umbilical Region |
| Head | Cephalic Region |
| Buttocks | Gluteal Region |
| Lower back between the ribs and hips | Lumbar Region |
| Posterior surface of the head (to the base of the skull) | Occipital Region |
| Posterior knee area | Popliteal Region |
| Superior of the Skull | Cranial Region |
| Shoulder blade region | Scapular Region |
| Calf (posterior surface of lower leg) | Sural Region |
| Spine/backbone area | Vertebral Region |
| Forehead | Frontal Region |
| Mid back (upperback between the scapula) | Dorsal Region |
| Ribcage | Costal Region |
| Forearm | Antebranchial |
| Thumb | Pollex Region |
| Shin | Crural Region |
| Big Toe | Hallux Region |
| Bottom of Foot | Plantar Region |
| End of Vertebral Column | Sacral Region |
| Palm | Palmar/ Volar Region |
| Shoulder | Acromial Region |
| Back of Elbow | Olecranal Region |
| Heel of Foot | Calcaneus/ Calcaneal Region |
| Upper back in the Skull | Parietal Region |
| Bottom, middle portion of the brain, near the ear | Temporal Region |
| Hip | Coxa Region |
| Bone before the Calves, also known as fibula | Fibular Region |
| What portion or region contains the Head, Neck, Trunk | Axial Portion |
| What portion or region contains the Arms and Legs | Appendicular Portion |
| What Part or Portion of Cavity is Dorsal Cavity, Ventral Cavity, Abdominopelvic Cavity, | Axial Cavities |
| What type of cavity is Cranial Cavity: Skull, Brains, and Spinal Cavity: Spinal Cord belong | Dorsal Cavity |
| What type of cavity is Thoracic Cavity: above the diaphragm, and Abdominopelvic Cavity: below diaphragm to floor of pelvis belong | Ventral Cavity |
| What type of cavity is Abdominal: stomach, liver, gall bladder, spleen, small intestine, and most of the large intestine, and Pelvic: end of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs belong | Abdominopelvic Cavity |
| What type of cavities or location of these cavities belong: Oral, Nasal, Middle Ear, Orbital Cavity, Synovial cavities | Smaller Cavities Within the Head |
| What type of Smaller Cavities Within the Head is these belong: Teeth, Tongue | Oral Cavity |
| What type of Smaller Cavities Within the Head is these belong: paranasal sinuses, right and left divided by the septum | Nasal Cavity |
| What type of Smaller Cavities Within the Head is these belong: Middle Ear Bones | Middle Ear Cavity |
| What type of Smaller Cavities Within the Head is these belong: eyes, associated skeletal muscles and nerves | Orbital Cavity |
| Associated with the lung | Pleura Membrane |
| Line the lung compartments | Parietal Pleura |
| Membrane covering the lung | Visceral Pleura |
| Space between the pleura | Pleura Cavity |
| Substance within the pleural cavity | Serous Fluid |
| Portion of thoracic cavity separating the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus from the lungs. | Mediastinum |
| Visceral - Covers the organ, Parietal - Lining of the Cavity | 2 Layers of Serous Membrane |
| Separate, Protects our Internal Organs so that they may function, move, and expand freely and correctly. Allows organs to change shape and size | Body Cavities |
| This Cavity contains the ff: Left and Right Pleura Cavities (lungs), Pericardial Cavity (heart), and Mediastinum (the one that separated the 3 cavities) | Thoracic Cavity |
| Membrane/ Layer that surrounds the heart | Visceral Pericardium (Pericardial Membrane) |
| Second layer, more fibrous of Pericardium Membrane | Parietal Pericardium (Pericardial Membrane) |
| Space between the two Pericardium Membrane | Pericardial Cavity |
| Lines the walls of the cavity of the abdomen | Parietal Peritoneum (Abdominal cavity: peritoneal membranes) |
| Covers the internal organs of the abdomen | Visceral Peritoneum (Abdominal cavity: peritoneal membranes) |
| What do you call the two vertical lines passing the mid point between ASIS and symphysis pubis | Mid Clavicular Line |
| What do you call the two horizontal lines/ planes in the regions of abdomen | Subcostal and Transtubercular/ Intertubercular |
| What is ASIS and PSIS | Anterior Superior Iliac Spine and Posterior Superior Iliac Spine |
| What does the vertical and horizontal lines in the Abdominopelvic Quadrants pass through | Umbilicus |
| Used to describe the location of abdominal and pelvic organs | Abdominal Regions |
| Cavity in Joints | Synovial cavities |
| Serous membrane of the pleural cavities | Pleura |
| Serous membrane of the pericardial cavity | Pericardium |
| Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity | Peritoneum |
| thin slippery membrane that covers the viscera | Serous Membrane |
| Lines the wall of the cavities | Parietal Layer |
| Covers the viscera within the cavities | Visceral Layer |
| reduces friction and allows the viscera to slide somewhat during movements, between two layer | Serous Fluid |
| Extends from the diaphragm to the groin and encircled by the abdominal wall and bones and muscles of the pelvis | Abdominopelvic Cavity |
| This Cavity contains the ff: Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines | Abdominal Cavity |
| This Cavity contains the ff: Urinary bladder, internal organs of reproductive system, and portions of the large intestine | Pelvic Cavity |
| Central part of the thoracic cavity between lungs, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and 1st rib to the diaphragm | Mediastinum |
| Contains all contents of the thoracic cavity except the lungs. | Mediastinum |
| Fluid-filled space that surround the heart | Pericardial Cavity |
| Two fluid-filled spaces that that surround each lung | Pleura Cavity |
| Formed by the cranial bones, Protects the brain | Cranial Cavity |
| Formed by bones of vertebral column , Contains the spinal cord | Vertebral Canal |
| Layers of protective tissue that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal | Meninges |
| imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body or organs into definite areas | Planes |
| Cut of the body made along a plane | Section |
| Reclining Position | Prone and Supine |
| Body Position | Body upright, Standing erect facing the observer, Head and eyes facing forward, Feet are flat on the floor and forward, Upper limbs to the sides, Palms turned forward |
| dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals inside or outside of the cell | Body Fluids |
| Fluid within cells | Intracellular Fluid (ICF) |
| Fluid outside cells | Extracellular Fluid (ECF) |
| is ECF between cells and tissues | Interstitial fluid |
| is ECF within blood vessels | Blood Plasma |
| is ECF within lymphatic vessels | Lymph |
| is ECF in the brain and spinal cord | Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
| is ECF in joints | Synovial fluid |
| are ECF in eyes | Aqueous humor and vitreous body |
| Normal equilibrium of body processes are disrupted | Homeostatic Imbalance |
| Homeostatic Imbalance | Disorder, Disease, Death |
| any derangement of abnormality of function | Disorder |
| an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms, Maybe local or systemic, Symptoms are subjective, signs are objective changes | Disorder |
| Feedback System has a | Positive and Negative |
| Reverses a change in a controlled condition | Negative Feedback systems |
| Strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions | Positive Feedback systems |
| What is are the three Basic Components of Feedback System | Receptor, Control center, Effector |
| Monitors changes in a controlled condition, Sends input to the control center | Receptors |
| sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from the receptors, generates output commands when they are needed | Control Center |
| Receives output from the control center, Produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition | Effector |
| Body is monitored and remonitored, Each monitored variable is termed a controlled condition | Cycle of events |
| condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment produced by the ceaseless interplay of all the body’s regulatory processes | Homeostasis |
| Endocrine and nervous system, Feedback system | Regulation |
| Basic Life Processes | Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Differentiation, Reproduction, |
| the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body, including catabolism and anabolism | Metabolism |
| the ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment | Responsiveness |
| includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even organelles inside cells | Movement |
| increase in size and complexity, due to an increase in the number of cells, size of cells, or both | Growth |
| change in a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state | Differentiation |
| formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, production of a new individual | Reproduction |
| Chemical Level, Cellular Level, Tissue Level, Organ Level, System Level, Organismal Level | Levels of Organization |
| study of how body structures function, derived from Greek word, meaning "relationship to nature" | Physiology |
| Subdivisions of Physiology | Systems physiology, Cell physiology, Pathophysiology , Immunophysiology, Exercise physiology, Neurophysiology, Endocrinology, Cardiovascular physiology, Respiratory physiology, Renal physiology, Reproductive physiology |
| includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions, and molecules, two or more atoms joined together | Chemical Level |
| basic structural and functional units of an organism | Cellular Level |
| groups of similarly specialized cells and the substances surrounding them that usually arise from a common ancestor and perform certain special functions | Tissue Level |
| structures of definite form that are composed of two or more different tissues and have specific functions | Organ Level |
| consist of related organs that have a common function | System Level |
| is a collection of structurally and functionally integrated systems; any living individual | Organismal Level |
| Types of Body Fluids | Intra and Extracellular |
| Fluids under Extracellular Fluid | Interstitial, Blood Plasma, Lymph, Cerebrospinal, Synovial, Aqueous Humor and Vitreous Body |
| Foot | Pedal Region |
| Face | Facial Region |
| Back of the Hand | Dorsum Region |
| Chin | Mental Region |
| Ear | Otic Region |
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