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Bryant A&P Ch2 Vocab
A&P Ch 2 (2.1 &2.2) Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| amino acids | the building blocks of proteins |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate: a nucleotide compound of an adenine base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups |
| base pairs | pairs of complementary nucleic acid bases: that is A to T and C to G ("apples in the tree, car in the garage") |
| DNA | the polymer of nucleotides with bases adenosine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. DNA is short for "deoxyribonucleic acid" |
| enzymes | proteins that speed up specific biological reactions |
| fatty acid | a hydrocarbon chain with a carbocyclic acid group at one end |
| glucose | the main form of sugar that circulates in the blood |
| glycogen | a polymer of glucose found in animals; stored form of glucose |
| human genome | the DNA sequence of a human |
| lipids | fatty molecules that dissolve poorly in water but dissolve well in a nonpolar solvent; fats and oils |
| nucleic acids | key information-carrying molecules in the cells |
| nucleotides | subunits that make up nucleic acids |
| peptide bond | the chemical bond that links two amino acids by connecting the amino group of one amino acid to acid group of another. |
| phospholipid | a lipid containing a phosphate group |
| polymer | a molecule made of many similar subunits |
| polypeptide | a long chain of amino acids |
| RNA | one of two kinds of information-carrying nucleic acids found in cells; ribonucleic acid |
| steroids | a class of lipids with a structure that is different from other lipids; cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen are three well known steroids. |
| triglycerides | compounds composed of a glycerol molecule with three fatty acids attached. |
| centrioles | short cylinders made of nine triplets of parallel microtubules |
| channel proteins | molecules with a hollow central pore that allows water or small, charged particles of certain substances to pass into and out of cells |
| cilia | a hair-like projection that actively flexes back and forth to move fluid or mucus across the outside of the cell |
| codon | a set of three bases in DNA and RNA that codes for one amino acid |
| cytoplasm | the part of the cell that contains everything inside the cell membrane except the nucleus. |
| cytoskeleton | a network of proteins that defines the shape of a cell and gives it mechanical strength |
| endoplasmic reticulum | a network of membranes in the cytoplasm that produces proteins for the rest of the cell to function |
| extracellular fluid | the liquid - consisting mostly of water - that surrounds a typical cell |
| extracellular matrix | a solid or gel-like substance that surrounds a typical cell |
| glycoproteins | proteins with carbohydrate groups attached |
| Golgi apparatus | a set of membranous discs in the cytoplasm that packages proteins sent from the endoplasmic reticulum which then sends out to the rest of the cell to use. |
| messenger RNA (mRNA) | a single-strand RNA molecule whos base sequence carries the information needed by a ribosome to make a protein. |
| microvilli | finger-like extensions that increase the surface area of a cell |
| mitochondria | organelles in the cell cytoplasm which make ATP; they are the "powerhouses" of the cell |
| mitosis | the division of a cell nucleus and chromosomes into two nuclei, each with their own set of identical chromosomes. |
| nucleus | a round or oval mass of protoplasm within the cytoplasm of a cell that contains the cell's DNA and is bounded by a membrane |
| plasma membrane | the membrane that defines the outer shell of a cell |
| ribosome | very large enzymes that make polypeptides |
| RNA polymerases | an enzyme that makes an RNA molecule complementary to the gene on DNA |
| transfer RNA (tRNA) | a molecule that binds to the mRNA-ribosome complex and helps assemble amino acids into polypeptides |
Created by:
Mr. Bryant
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